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- Art. 5a FC
- Art. 6 FC
- Art. 10 FC
- Art. 16 FC
- Art. 17 FC
- Art. 20 FC
- Art. 22 FC
- Art. 29a FC
- Art. 30 FC
- Art. 32 FC
- Art. 42 FC
- Art. 43 FC
- Art. 43a FC
- Art. 55 FC
- Art. 56 FC
- Art. 60 FC
- Art. 68 FC
- Art. 75b FC
- Art. 77 FC
- Art. 96 para. 2 lit. a FC
- Art. 110 FC
- Art. 117a FC
- Art. 118 FC
- Art. 123b FC
- Art. 136 FC
- Art. 166 FC
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- Art. 11 CO
- Art. 12 CO
- Art. 50 CO
- Art. 51 CO
- Art. 84 CO
- Art. 143 CO
- Art. 144 CO
- Art. 145 CO
- Art. 146 CO
- Art. 147 CO
- Art. 148 CO
- Art. 149 CO
- Art. 150 CO
- Art. 701 CO
- Art. 715 CO
- Art. 715a CO
- Art. 734f CO
- Art. 785 CO
- Art. 786 CO
- Art. 787 CO
- Art. 788 CO
- Transitional provisions to the revision of the Stock Corporation Act of June 19, 2020
- Art. 808c CO
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- Art. 2 PRA
- Art. 3 PRA
- Art. 4 PRA
- Art. 6 PRA
- Art. 10 PRA
- Art. 10a PRA
- Art. 11 PRA
- Art. 12 PRA
- Art. 13 PRA
- Art. 14 PRA
- Art. 15 PRA
- Art. 16 PRA
- Art. 17 PRA
- Art. 19 PRA
- Art. 20 PRA
- Art. 21 PRA
- Art. 22 PRA
- Art. 23 PRA
- Art. 24 PRA
- Art. 25 PRA
- Art. 26 PRA
- Art. 27 PRA
- Art. 29 PRA
- Art. 30 PRA
- Art. 31 PRA
- Art. 32 PRA
- Art. 32a PRA
- Art. 33 PRA
- Art. 34 PRA
- Art. 35 PRA
- Art. 36 PRA
- Art. 37 PRA
- Art. 38 PRA
- Art. 39 PRA
- Art. 40 PRA
- Art. 41 PRA
- Art. 42 PRA
- Art. 43 PRA
- Art. 44 PRA
- Art. 45 PRA
- Art. 46 PRA
- Art. 47 PRA
- Art. 48 PRA
- Art. 49 PRA
- Art. 50 PRA
- Art. 51 PRA
- Art. 52 PRA
- Art. 53 PRA
- Art. 54 PRA
- Art. 55 PRA
- Art. 56 PRA
- Art. 57 PRA
- Art. 58 PRA
- Art. 59a PRA
- Art. 59b PRA
- Art. 59c PRA
- Art. 62 PRA
- Art. 63 PRA
- Art. 67 PRA
- Art. 67a PRA
- Art. 67b PRA
- Art. 75 PRA
- Art. 75a PRA
- Art. 76 PRA
- Art. 76a PRA
- Art. 90 PRA
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- Vorb. zu Art. 1 FADP
- Art. 1 FADP
- Art. 2 FADP
- Art. 3 FADP
- Art. 5 lit. f und g FADP
- Art. 6 Abs. 6 and 7 FADP
- Art. 7 FADP
- Art. 10 FADP
- Art. 11 FADP
- Art. 12 FADP
- Art. 14 FADP
- Art. 15 FADP
- Art. 19 FADP
- Art. 20 FADP
- Art. 22 FADP
- Art. 23 FADP
- Art. 25 FADP
- Art. 26 FADP
- Art. 27 FADP
- Art. 31 para. 2 lit. e FADP
- Art. 33 FADP
- Art. 34 FADP
- Art. 35 FADP
- Art. 38 FADP
- Art. 39 FADP
- Art. 40 FADP
- Art. 41 FADP
- Art. 42 FADP
- Art. 43 FADP
- Art. 44 FADP
- Art. 44a FADP
- Art. 45 FADP
- Art. 46 FADP
- Art. 47 FADP
- Art. 47a FADP
- Art. 48 FADP
- Art. 49 FADP
- Art. 50 FADP
- Art. 51 FADP
- Art. 54 FADP
- Art. 57 FADP
- Art. 58 FADP
- Art. 60 FADP
- Art. 61 FADP
- Art. 62 FADP
- Art. 63 FADP
- Art. 64 FADP
- Art. 65 FADP
- Art. 66 FADP
- Art. 67 FADP
- Art. 69 FADP
- Art. 72 FADP
- Art. 72a FADP
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- Art. 2 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 3 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 4 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 5 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 6 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 7 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 8 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 9 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 11 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 12 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 25 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 29 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 32 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 33 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 34 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
FEDERAL CONSTITUTION
CODE OF OBLIGATIONS
FEDERAL LAW ON PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW
LUGANO CONVENTION
CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
CIVIL PROCEDURE CODE
FEDERAL ACT ON POLITICAL RIGHTS
CIVIL CODE
FEDERAL ACT ON CARTELS AND OTHER RESTRAINTS OF COMPETITION
FEDERAL ACT ON INTERNATIONAL MUTUAL ASSISTANCE IN CRIMINAL MATTERS
DEBT ENFORCEMENT AND BANKRUPTCY ACT
FEDERAL ACT ON DATA PROTECTION
SWISS CRIMINAL CODE
CYBERCRIME CONVENTION
- I. History of origin
- II. Context
- III. Commentary in the narrow sense
- Recommended further reading
- Bibliography
- Materials
I. History of origin
1 Since the total revision in 1999, the Federal Constitution has included a fundamental provision on the tasks of the cantons in Art. 43 FC in Section 1 of Chapter 1 on the "Relationship between the Confederation and the Cantons" in addition to the tasks of the Confederation (Art. 42 FC). In addition, since 2008, Art. 43a FC has laid down principles for the allocation and fulfillment of tasks. Earlier versions of the Federal Constitution did not contain any direct predecessor provisions.
2 The 1995 draft constitution provided for general rules on cantonal responsibility in two places. Firstly, in continuation of the old Federal Constitution, Art. 3 VE 1995 stated that the cantons "shall exercise all rights not conferred on the Confederation." On the other hand, Art. 32 para. 1 VE 1995 was also proposed, which read: "The cantons are responsible for all tasks that are not transferred to the Confederation by the Federal Constitution." According to the explanatory notes, the latter provision was intended to enshrine the "subsidiary responsibility" or "subsidiary performance of tasks" of the cantons and thus continue those elements of the normative program of Art. 3 that concern the division of tasks between the Confederation and the cantons.
3 While Art. 3 VE 1995 spoke of cantonal "rights" - as did Art. 3 FC 1874 - Art. 32 para. 1 VE 1995 now speaks of "tasks" of the cantons. In the consultation process, it was therefore criticized that the latter wording could give a different meaning to the concept of sovereignty in Art. 3 VE 1995, in the sense of a weakening of the presumption of competence to a division of tasks. The Federal Council wanted to take this criticism into account in the 1996 draft constitution. It deleted the provisions on cantonal "rights" from Art. 3 FC and transferred them to the new Art. 35 VE 1995, deliberately omitting the word "rights". The provision of Art. 35 VE 1996 then read: "Within the framework of the Federal Constitution, the cantons have all the sovereign rights they need to perform their duties". Systematically, this provision on the position of the cantons was located after the provision on the principles of cooperation between the Confederation and the cantons.
4 During parliamentary deliberations, the Council of States proposed a different system: The "classic rule on the division of powers between the two levels" should precede the principles of cooperation between the Confederation and the cantons. In addition, new, unclear terms such as "sovereign rights" should be avoided. The Council of States therefore proposed a new wording for the provisions on the position of the cantons, which ultimately prevailed and corresponds to that of the current Art. 43 FC under the marginal "Tasks of the cantons". The National Council agreed with the Council of States' proposal, both in terms of wording and system, as it was clear and concise and therefore preferable to that of the Federal Council.
II. Context
5 A clear and unambiguous distribution of competences (generally synonymous with the concept of powers) between the Confederation and the constituent states is a central and indispensable component of a federal constitution. A federal system of competences usually consists of abstract rules of principle and concrete norms of competence. In the Federal Constitution, the former include the key norm of Art. 3 FC (principle of cantonal residual competence and principle of individual authorization of the Confederation), Art. 5a FC (principle of subsidiarity), Art. 42-43a FC (principles on the tasks of the Confederation and the cantons) and Art. 47 FC (autonomy of the cantons). The specific (federal) responsibilities in the individual subject areas are primarily regulated in Chapter 2 (Responsibilities) and Chapter 3 (Financial regulations) of Title 3 of the Federal Constitution. The Federal Supreme Court decides on conflicts of jurisdiction between the Confederation and the cantons in accordance with Art. 189 para. 2 FC in conjunction with Art. 120 para. 1 lit. Art. 120 para. 1 lit. a BGG. Like the Confederation, the cantons must also have recourse to this constitutional complaint; the BGG does not recognize a general "autonomy complaint", as is available to the municipalities (see Art. 89 para. 2 lit. c BGG).
6 According to the marginalia, Art. 42 FC deals with the tasks of the Confederation, while Art. 43 FC deals with those of the cantons. The many systematic shifts and linguistic reformulations of these two constitutional norms in the context of their drafting history reveal the lack of clarity regarding their regulatory content. As a result, they reaffirm the obligation of the Confederation and the cantons to fulfill their duties. Beyond this, however, the legal and practical significance of these two provisions is minimal. Their content is essentially already derived from Art. 3 FC. Thus, Art. 42 and 43 FC undoubtedly contribute to the "almost inflationary increase in federalist statements of principle".
7 Moreover, Art. 43 FC must be read in conjunction with those provisions that lay down principles for the allocation and fulfillment of tasks. Art. 5a FC ("Subsidiarity") and Art. 43a FC ("Principles for the allocation and fulfillment of state tasks") deal specifically with the allocation and fulfillment of state tasks. In addition, Art. 44 para. 1 and para. 2 FC obliges the Confederation and the cantons to support and consider each other. According to Art. 48 para. 1 FC, the cantons may cooperate on "tasks of regional interest" and conclude intercantonal treaties for this purpose. Finally, Art. 47 FC requires the Confederation to safeguard the autonomy of the cantons and to leave them sufficient tasks and sources of funding.
III. Commentary in the narrow sense
A. Cantonal responsibilities and cantonal tasks
8 The basic concepts of competence law include "tasks" and "responsibilities" or, understood synonymously, "competences". The different meanings of "task" and "competence" become clear in Art. 43 FC, when it states that the cantons determine which "tasks" they fulfill "within the scope of their competences". The term "task" encompasses the duty to enact a measure or regulation and centers around the demarcation of the state sphere from the social sphere. Jurisdiction or competence, on the other hand, is understood as an authorization to act; in federal constitutions, it primarily serves to delimit the spheres of action of the federal government and the constituent states. According to this understanding, the wording of Art. 43 FC grants the cantons the freedom to decide which action they undertake to take, insofar as they are authorized to do so under federal constitutional law.
9 The cantonal competence, i.e. the question of the authorization of the cantons, is derived from Art. 3 FC, the principle of which is repeated in Art. 42 FC. With these provisions, the Constitution declares the cantons to be responsible for all areas that are not delegated to the Confederation. The cantons have subsidiary general competence. However, this does not imply a presumption of competence in favor of the cantons. Rather, the competences assigned to the Confederation by the Federal Constitution are to be determined with the help of the usual interpretation canons; the cantons are responsible for all other areas of state activity.
10 In some cases, the Federal Constitution expressly declares the cantons to be responsible. As a rule, this declaration of competence has only a declaratory meaning, in that it confirms what applies anyway under Art. 3 FC. Examples include the explicit anchoring of cantonal responsibilities for education (Art. 62 para. 1 FC), culture (Art. 69 para. 1 FC), the relationship between church and state (Art. 72 para. 1 FC) and the protection of nature and cultural heritage (Art. 78 para. 1 FC). In some cases, cantonal competence is also expressly mentioned in the Federal Constitution in order to grant the cantons authorization to restrict freedoms guaranteed by federal law (e.g. Art. 29a FC and Art. 94 para. 4 FC), to establish an exception to federal competence (e.g. 54 para. 1 in conjunction with Art. 56 para. 1 FC on the conclusion of international treaties), to impose the implementation of a federal measure on the cantons (e.g. Art. 74 para. 3 FC on environmental protection) or to specify the cantonal competence as distinct from the federal competence (e.g. Art. 78 para. 1 FC on nature and cultural heritage protection).
11 The cantons' residual competence was the focus of the original version of this provision (cf. Art. 32 para. 1 VE 1995, see N. 2). Now, however, Art. 43 FC primarily emphasizes cantonal autonomy. If the cantons are responsible for a specific area, i.e. if they are authorized to act in a specific field of activity, they themselves determine which tasks they perform. The cantons' task autonomy is evident in two respects: firstly, in the freedom to select their own tasks (N. 12), and secondly, in the freedom to determine the modality of task fulfillment (N. 13).
B. Scope and limits of cantonal task autonomy
12 Art. 43 FC guarantees the free choice of tasks. The cantons are free to decide which tasks they actually fulfill within the scope of their competences. In principle, they are not obliged to exercise their responsibilities. They decide independently whether and to what extent they become active. This free choice of tasks is, of course, also conveyed by Art. 3 FC and by the autonomy of the cantons, which is protected by Art. 47 FC. The latter provision also requires the Confederation to leave the cantons with sufficient tasks of their own. This limits the competence of the federal constitutional authority and protects the autonomy of the cantons from being completely undermined.
13 Not only the "whether", but also the "how", i.e. the modalities of task fulfillment, is at the discretion of the cantons according to Art. 43 FC. They are free to decide which measures they take to fulfill their duties and what legal effect they give them. Similarly, they are free to decide whether they take action themselves or whether they delegate the task instead - in the cantonal constitution or by law - to the communes or to a public or private third party. However, autonomy with regard to the modalities of fulfillment also arises from Art. 3 in conjunction with Art. 47 BV. Art. 47 FC. A regulatory content that goes beyond these constitutional provisions is therefore not recognizable for Art. 43 FC. Placed systematically before the chapter on competences, Art. 43 FC at least reminds us once again of the autonomy of the cantons.
14 The wording of Art. 43 FC also gives the impression that cantonal autonomy is not subject to any limits. However, such limits arise not only from intercantonal law (cf. Art. 48 para. 5 FC), but above all from federal law (cf. Art. 49 para. 1 FC). Numerous task-specific restrictions under federal constitutional law dictate whether and how the cantons must take action. For example, they are expressly obliged to perform tasks if the constitution states that the cantons "shall provide" (e.g. Art. 57 FC on security, Art. 61a FC on education, Art. 81a FC on public transport, Art. 117a FC on basic medical care), the cantons must "promote" (e.g. Art. 67a FC on music education, Art. 112b para. 2 FC on the integration of the disabled, Art. 117b FC on care) or the cantons must "take action" (e.g. Art. 89 para. 1 FC on energy policy). In some cases, these provisions also stipulate the manner in which tasks are to be fulfilled. For example, they require a "high quality" of education (Art. 61a FC), basic medical care (Art. 117a FC) and nursing care (Art. 117b FC). According to Art. 43a para. 5 FC, all tasks must be provided by the cantons in a needs-based and economical manner. The Federal Constitution also regulates the case where the cantons do not adequately fulfill their responsibilities. In the area of education, for example, the Confederation is empowered to issue the necessary regulations if the cantons fail to enact harmonization measures or to achieve the common objectives (Art. 62 para. 4, Art. 63a para. 5, Art. 67a para. 2 FC). Furthermore, at the request of the cantons, the Confederation may declare intercantonal treaties generally binding in certain areas of responsibility or oblige the cantons to participate in such treaties (Art. 48a FC). In these cases of conditional federal competence, there is de facto pressure on the cantons to exercise their competences.
15 The constitutional principles of Art. 5 FC constitute a general federal constitutional barrier to the cantonal fulfillment of tasks. A restrictive framework is also provided by the provisions on state objectives, such as Art. 41 FC on social objectives or Art. 73 FC on sustainability. In addition, the cantons are bound by fundamental rights (Art. 7-34 FC) within the scope of their duties (Art. 35 para. 2 FC). They may only interfere with the fundamental rights of individuals if there is a legal basis for doing so, a public interest justifies the interference, the interference is proportionate and the core content is preserved (Art. 36 FC). Finally, Art. 94 FC limits the cantons' scope of action "as a fundamental regulatory principle of an economic order based on market economy principles". They are obliged to respect the economic freedom of the individual when performing their tasks (para. 1), to safeguard the overall economic interest and welfare (para. 2) and to ensure favorable economic conditions for private individuals (para. 3).
16 Limits to the cantonal autonomy of tasks also arise from international law. According to Art. 7 of the Federal Act on the Participation of the Cantons in Foreign Policy, the cantons not only have a responsibility, i.e. an authorization, but are also obliged to implement it (in good time) as a task. In practice, the international human rights conventions, which the cantons must implement independently, play a major role.
C. Overview of duties in selected cantonal constitutions
17 Due to the subsidiary general competence and autonomy of the cantons resulting from Art. 3, 42, 43 and 47 FC, it is not possible to provide a complete overview of the cantonal tasks (see, however, the list of classic cantonal tasks in Art. 48a para. 1 FC). Instead, a look will be taken here at tasks that have been written down in selected cantonal constitutions - due to their scope or content. Art. 51 para. 1 FC requires the cantons to adopt a constitution. However, the Federal Constitution does not prescribe whether and how they should enshrine their tasks in it. However, the vast majority of cantonal constitutions today contain an explicit list of tasks. Such task catalogs have an informative, standardizing and legitimizing function. However, their list is not exhaustive due to the cantonal general competence under Art. 3 FC.
18 In some cases, the cantonal constitutions contain a constitutional reservation. As a result, every new cantonal task must be expressly included in the constitutional charter. In this sense, for example, § 90, 1st sentence of the Constitution of the Canton of Basel-Landschaft requires that the assumption of new cantonal tasks, insofar as these are not imposed by federal law, requires a constitutional amendment. Further examples can be found in Section 26 para. 1 of the Cantonal Constitution of Aargau and Section 63 para. 1 of the Cantonal Constitution of Thurgau.
19 As an example of a comprehensive list of tasks, Art. 100-121 of the Zurich cantonal constitution of February 27, 2005 lists the following cantonal tasks:
public order and security;
spatial planning, environmental, climate, nature and heritage protection;
transportation, water and energy supply;
economy (in particular SMEs and social partnership) and work (compatibility, job and apprenticeship opportunities);
agriculture and forestry;
cantonal bank;
non-profit housing construction and home ownership as well as social welfare;
family, youth and old age;
health care;
integration (coexistence of the population and integration of foreigners);
education, public and private schools, universities and vocational and further training;
culture and sport.
20 Many other cantonal constitutions list similar tasks. Some of them stand out due to their content. For example, the cantonal constitution of Bern is committed to Sunday rest (Art. 47) as well as international cooperation and humanitarian aid (Art. 54, see also the participation in the "Cooperation of the Regions of Europe"). The Constitution of the Canton of Fribourg places material security, in particular the prevention of poverty (Art. 55), at the top of its list of tasks. The rest of the constitutional text also places people at the center of attention by mandating the protection and support of the family (Art. 59-60), the promotion of youth and intergenerational relations, as well as support for vulnerable and dependent persons (Art. 63). In the canton of Basel-Landschaft, the promotion of (non-profit) housing construction is enshrined in the constitution in detail (§ 106a). The constitution of the Canton of Jura is committed to social peace (Art. 21), the promotion of women (Art. 44) and consumer protection (Art. 52), that of the Canton of Vaud to the integration of disabled persons (Art. 61) and protection against passive smoking (Art. 65a), that of the Canton of Aargau to suitable places for non-sedentary ethnic minorities (Art. 48) and that of the Cantons of Schaffhausen and Graubünden, among others, to "meaningful leisure activities" (Art. 92 and Art. 91 respectively).
21 The broad spectrum of enshrined cantonal tasks is an expression of the cantons' task autonomy. It is true that the cantonal constitutions occasionally contain tasks that address specific concerns of the cantonal population. In principle, however, the catalogs of tasks in the various cantonal constitutions show a high degree of agreement, without any regular differences being discernible that could be attributed to cantonal characteristics such as topography or population structure. However, a comparative legal analysis of the cantonal constitutions also shows that they are open to development for new tasks that meet today's challenges. In the past decade, for example, climate protection and the promotion of renewable energy have found their way into numerous cantonal constitutions. The tasks enshrined in the cantonal constitutions therefore reflect society's current expectations of the community.
About the author
Dr. iur. Christina Neier, Bsc., is a postdoctoral researcher at the Faculty of Law of the University of Zurich. She studied law, economics and social sciences in Vienna and obtained her doctorate at the University of Zurich. Her dissertation dealt with European citizenship. She is currently working on her habilitation thesis on solidarity in the European Union and in European federal states, including Switzerland. She is financially supported by the UZH Alumni FAN (Ernst Göhner Foundation Fellowship) and the UZH Postdoc Grant (incl. Suslowa Postdoc Fellowship). She is also a lecturer in European and public law at various Swiss universities. Since 2020, she has been Managing Editor of the journal Swiss Review of International and European Law (SRIEL). She can be reached at christina.neier@ius.uzh.ch.
Recommended further reading
Bellanger François, Kommentierung zu Art. 43 BV, in: Martenet Vincent/Dubey Jacques (Hrsg.), Commentaire Romand, Constitution fédérale, Basel 2021.
Benoit Anne, Le partage vertical des compétences en tant que garant de l’autonomie des Etats fédérés en droit suisse et en droit américain, Genf/Zürich/Basel 2009.
Biaggini Giovanni, Kommentierung zu Art. 43 BV, in: Waldmann Bernhard/Belser Eva Maria/Epiney Astrid (Hrsg.), Schweizerische Bundesverfassung, Basler Kommentar, Basel 2015.
Ehrenzeller Bernhard/Ehrenzeller Kaspar, «L’amour de la complexité» im Bundesstaat Schweiz – Kompetenzzuteilung und Kompetenzwahrnehmung in Bund und Kantonen, in: Gamper Anna/Bussjäger Peter/Karlhofer Ferdinand/Pallaver Günther/Obwexer Walter (Hrsg.), Föderale Kompetenzverteilung in Europa, Baden-Baden 2016, S. 33–66.
Lehner Roman, Souveränität im Bundesstaat und in der Europäischen Union. Eine Untersuchung auf Grundlage des deutschen und schweizerischen Verfassungsrechts, Tübingen 2021.
Jaag Tobias, Die Rechtsstellung der Kantone in der Bundesverfassung, in: Thürer Daniel/Aubert Jean-François/Müller Jörg Paul (Hrsg.), Verfassungsrecht der Schweiz, Zürich 2001, S. 473–490.
Kaempfer Constance, Les mécanismes de mise en œuvre du droit international par les cantons suisses: Études de cas dans les domaines des droits humains et des accords bilatéraux Suisse-UE, Zurich 2023.
Knapp Blaise, La répartition des compétences et la coopération de la Confédération et des cantons, in: Thürer Daniel/Aubert Jean-François/Müller Jörg Paul (Hrsg.), Verfassungsrecht der Schweiz/Droit constitutionnel suisse, Zürich 2001, S. 457–472.
Müller Lucien/Schweizer Rainer J., Kommentierung zu Art. 43 BV, in: Ehrenzeller Bernhard/Egli Patricia/Hettich Peter/Hongler Peter/Schindler Benjamin/Schmid Stefan G./Schweizer Rainer J. (Hrsg.), Die schweizerische Bundesverfassung, St. Galler Kommentar, 4. Aufl., Zürich 2023.
Reich Johannes, § 12 Kompetenzverteilung zwischen Bund und Kantonen, in: Biaggini Giovanni/Gächter Thomas/Kiener Regina (Hrsg.), Staatsrecht, 3. Aufl, Zürich/St. Gallen 2021, S. 153–167.
Tschannen Pierre, Staatsrecht der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft, 5. Aufl., Bern 2021.
Waldmann Bernhard/Spiess Angelika, Aufgaben- und Kompetenzverteilung im schweizerischen Bundesstaat. Typologie der Aufgaben und Kompetenzen von Bund und Kantonen, 2015, https://www.unifr.ch/federalism/en/assets/public/files/NZ/Gutachten_final.pdf, besucht am 12.2.2024.
Vgl. auch die Literaturhinweise zu Art. 42 BV.
Bibliography
Aubert Jean-François, Bundesstaatsrecht der Schweiz, Band. I, Fassung von 1967, Neubearbeiteter Nachtrag bis 1990, Basel/Frankfurt a.M. 1991.
Aubert Jean-François, Section 1: Tâches de la Confédération et des cantons. Remarques liminaires, in: Aubert Jean-François/Mahon Pascal (Hrsg.), Petit commentaire de la Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999, Zürich/Basel/Genf 2003.
Bellanger François, Kommentierung zu Art. 43 BV, in: Martenet Vincent/Dubey Jacques (Hrsg.), Commentaire Romand, Constitution fédérale, Basel 2021.
Benoit Anne, Le partage vertical des compétences en tant que garant de l’autonomie des Etats fédérés en droit suisse et en droit américain, Zürich/Basel 2009.
Biaggini Giovanni, Kommentierung zu Art. 43 BV, in: Waldmann Bernhard/Belser Eva Maria/Epiney Astrid (Hrsg.), Schweizerische Bundesverfassung, Basler Kommentar, Basel 2015.
Biaggini Giovanni, Bundesverfassung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft, 2. Aufl., Zürich 2017.
Egli Patricia, Die Bundestreue: eine rechtsvergleichende Untersuchung, Zürich 2010.
Ehrenzeller Bernhard/Ehrenzeller Kaspar, «L’amour de la complexité» im Bundesstaat Schweiz – Kompetenzzuteilung und Kompetenzwahrnehmung in Bund und Kantonen, in: Gamper Anna/Bussjäger Peter/Karlhofer Ferdinand/Pallaver Günther/Obwexer Walter (Hrsg.), Föderale Kompetenzverteilung in Europa, Baden-Baden 2016, S. 33–66.
Glaser Andreas, § 2 Der moderne Verfassungsstaat, in: Biaggini Giovanni/Gächter Thomas/Kiener Regina (Hrsg.), Staatsrecht, 3. Aufl, Zürich/St. Gallen 2021, S. 23–35.
Häfelin Ulrich/Haller Walter/Keller Helen/Thurnherr Daniela, Schweizerisches Bundesstaatsrecht, 10. Aufl., Zürich 2020.
Isensee Josef, § 133 Die bundesstaatliche Kompetenz, in: Isensee Josef/Kirchhof Paul (Hrsg.), Handbuch des Staatsrechts der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Band IV Bundesstaat, 3. Aufl., Heidelberg 2008.
Jaag Tobias, Die Rechtsstellung der Kantone in der Bundesverfassung, in: Thürer Daniel/Aubert Jean-François/Müller Jörg Paul (Hrsg.), Verfassungsrecht der Schweiz, Zürich 2001, S. 473–490.
Jaag Tobias/Rüssli Markus, Staats- und Verwaltungsrecht des Kantons Zürich, 5. Aufl., Zürich/Basel/Genf 2019.
Kaempfer Constance, Les mécanismes de mise en œuvre du droit international par les cantons suisses: Études de cas dans les domaines des droits humains et des accords bilatéraux Suisse-UE, Zurich 2023.
Knapp Blaise, La répartition des compétences et la coopération de la Confédération et des cantons, in: Thürer Daniel/Aubert Jean-François/Müller Jörg Paul (Hrsg.), Verfassungsrecht der Schweiz, Zürich 2001, S. 457–472.
Mahon Pascal, Droit constitutionnel, Volume I: Institutions, juridiction constitutionnelle et procédure, 3. Aufl., Basel/Neuenburg 2014.
Malinverni Giorgio/Hottelier Michel/Randall Maya Hertig/Flückixer Alexandre, Droit constitutionnel suisse, Volume I: L’Etat, 4. Aufl., Bern 2021.
Müller Lucien/Schweizer Rainer J., Kommentierung zu Art. 42 BV, in: Ehrenzeller Bernhard/Egli Patricia/Hettich Peter/Hongler Peter/Schindler Benjamin/Schmid Stefan G./Schweizer Rainer J. (Hrsg.), Die schweizerische Bundesverfassung, St. Galler Kommentar, 4. Aufl., Zürich 2023.
Müller Lucien/Schweizer Rainer J., Kommentierung zu Art. 43 BV, in: Ehrenzeller Bernhard/Egli Patricia/Hettich Peter/Hongler Peter/Schindler Benjamin/Schmid Stefan G./Schweizer Rainer J. (Hrsg.), Die schweizerische Bundesverfassung, St. Galler Kommentar, 4. Aufl., Zürich 2023.
Reich Johannes, § 12 Kompetenzverteilung zwischen Bund und Kantonen, in: Biaggini Giovanni/Gächter Thomas/Kiener Regina (Hrsg.), Staatsrecht, 3. Aufl., Zürich/St. Gallen 2021.
Rhinow René, Die Bundesverfassung 2000, Eine Einführung, Basel/Genf/München 2000.
Rhinow René/Schefer Markus/Uebersax Peter, Schweizerisches Verfassungsrecht, 3. Aufl., Basel 2016.
Schweizer Rainer J., Die neue Bundesverfassung: die revidierte Bundesstaatsverfassung, AJP (1999), S. 666–676 (zit. Schweizer, Bundesverfassung).
Schweizer Rainer J., Verteilung der Staatsaufgaben zwischen Bund und Kantonen, in: Diggelmann Oliver/Randall Maya Hertig/Schindler Benjamin (Hrsg.), Verfassungsrecht der Schweiz, Bd. I, Zürich 2020, S. 691–713 (zit. Schweizer, Staatsaufgaben).
Tschannen Pierre, Bundesstaatliche Aufgabenteilung und politisches System – Grenzen der Verfassungsästhetik, ZSR 114 (1995) I, S. 143–169 (zit. Tschannen, Aufgabenteilung).
Tschannen Pierre, Staatsrecht der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft, 5. Aufl., Bern 2021 (zit. Tschannen, Staatsrecht).
Uhlmann Felix, Gutachten zuhanden der Konferenz der Kantonsregierungen (KDK) betreffend gerichtliche Überprüfung der föderalistischen Grundsätze in der Schweiz, 18. Juli 2016, https://kdk.ch/fileadmin/files/Newsletter/Gutachten_GerichtlicheUEberpruefungFoederalerStreitigkeiten.pdf, besucht am 15.2.2024.
Waldmann Bernhard/Spiess Angelika, Aufgaben- und Kompetenzverteilung im schweizerischen Bundesstaat. Typologie der Aufgaben und Kompetenzen von Bund und Kantonen, 2015, https://www.unifr.ch/federalism/en/assets/public/files/NZ/Gutachten_final.pdf, besucht am 12.2.2024.
Wyttenbach Judith, Umsetzung von Menschenrechtsübereinkommen in Bundesstaaten. Gleichzeitig ein Beitrag zur grundrechtlichen Ordnung im Föderalismus, Zürich/St. Gallen 2017.
Materials
Amtliches Bulletin der Bundesverfassung 1998 zur Reform der Bundesverfassung – Nationalrat (zit. AB 1998 NR).
Amtliches Bulletin der Bundesverfassung 1998 zur Reform der Bundesverfassung – Ständerat (zit. AB 1998 SR).
Botschaft über eine neue Bundesverfassung vom 20.11.1996, BBl 1997 I 1 ff. (zit. Botschaft BV).
Ergebnisse des Vernehmlassungsverfahrens 1996 (zit. Vernehmlassungsverfahren).
Erläuterungen zum Verfassungsentwurf 1995 (zit. Erläuterungen VE 1995).
Verfassungsentwurf vom 19.06.1995 (zit. VE 1995).
Verfassungsentwurf vom 20.11.1996 (zit. VE 1996).
alle abrufbar unter: https://www.bj.admin.ch/bj/de/home/staat/gesetzgebung/archiv/bundesverfassung.html besucht am 15.2.2024.