-
- Art. 5a FC
- Art. 6 FC
- Art. 10 FC
- Art. 16 FC
- Art. 17 FC
- Art. 20 FC
- Art. 22 FC
- Art. 29a FC
- Art. 30 FC
- Art. 32 FC
- Art. 42 FC
- Art. 43 FC
- Art. 43a FC
- Art. 55 FC
- Art. 56 FC
- Art. 60 FC
- Art. 68 FC
- Art. 75b FC
- Art. 77 FC
- Art. 96 para. 2 lit. a FC
- Art. 110 FC
- Art. 117a FC
- Art. 118 FC
- Art. 123b FC
- Art. 136 FC
- Art. 166 FC
-
- Art. 11 CO
- Art. 12 CO
- Art. 50 CO
- Art. 51 CO
- Art. 84 CO
- Art. 143 CO
- Art. 144 CO
- Art. 145 CO
- Art. 146 CO
- Art. 147 CO
- Art. 148 CO
- Art. 149 CO
- Art. 150 CO
- Art. 701 CO
- Art. 715 CO
- Art. 715a CO
- Art. 734f CO
- Art. 785 CO
- Art. 786 CO
- Art. 787 CO
- Art. 788 CO
- Transitional provisions to the revision of the Stock Corporation Act of June 19, 2020
- Art. 808c CO
-
- Art. 2 PRA
- Art. 3 PRA
- Art. 4 PRA
- Art. 6 PRA
- Art. 10 PRA
- Art. 10a PRA
- Art. 11 PRA
- Art. 12 PRA
- Art. 13 PRA
- Art. 14 PRA
- Art. 15 PRA
- Art. 16 PRA
- Art. 17 PRA
- Art. 19 PRA
- Art. 20 PRA
- Art. 21 PRA
- Art. 22 PRA
- Art. 23 PRA
- Art. 24 PRA
- Art. 25 PRA
- Art. 26 PRA
- Art. 27 PRA
- Art. 29 PRA
- Art. 30 PRA
- Art. 31 PRA
- Art. 32 PRA
- Art. 32a PRA
- Art. 33 PRA
- Art. 34 PRA
- Art. 35 PRA
- Art. 36 PRA
- Art. 37 PRA
- Art. 38 PRA
- Art. 39 PRA
- Art. 40 PRA
- Art. 41 PRA
- Art. 42 PRA
- Art. 43 PRA
- Art. 44 PRA
- Art. 45 PRA
- Art. 46 PRA
- Art. 47 PRA
- Art. 48 PRA
- Art. 49 PRA
- Art. 50 PRA
- Art. 51 PRA
- Art. 52 PRA
- Art. 53 PRA
- Art. 54 PRA
- Art. 55 PRA
- Art. 56 PRA
- Art. 57 PRA
- Art. 58 PRA
- Art. 59a PRA
- Art. 59b PRA
- Art. 59c PRA
- Art. 62 PRA
- Art. 63 PRA
- Art. 67 PRA
- Art. 67a PRA
- Art. 67b PRA
- Art. 75 PRA
- Art. 75a PRA
- Art. 76 PRA
- Art. 76a PRA
- Art. 90 PRA
-
- Vorb. zu Art. 1 FADP
- Art. 1 FADP
- Art. 2 FADP
- Art. 3 FADP
- Art. 5 lit. f und g FADP
- Art. 6 Abs. 6 and 7 FADP
- Art. 7 FADP
- Art. 10 FADP
- Art. 11 FADP
- Art. 12 FADP
- Art. 14 FADP
- Art. 15 FADP
- Art. 19 FADP
- Art. 20 FADP
- Art. 22 FADP
- Art. 23 FADP
- Art. 25 FADP
- Art. 26 FADP
- Art. 27 FADP
- Art. 31 para. 2 lit. e FADP
- Art. 33 FADP
- Art. 34 FADP
- Art. 35 FADP
- Art. 38 FADP
- Art. 39 FADP
- Art. 40 FADP
- Art. 41 FADP
- Art. 42 FADP
- Art. 43 FADP
- Art. 44 FADP
- Art. 44a FADP
- Art. 45 FADP
- Art. 46 FADP
- Art. 47 FADP
- Art. 47a FADP
- Art. 48 FADP
- Art. 49 FADP
- Art. 50 FADP
- Art. 51 FADP
- Art. 54 FADP
- Art. 57 FADP
- Art. 58 FADP
- Art. 60 FADP
- Art. 61 FADP
- Art. 62 FADP
- Art. 63 FADP
- Art. 64 FADP
- Art. 65 FADP
- Art. 66 FADP
- Art. 67 FADP
- Art. 69 FADP
- Art. 72 FADP
- Art. 72a FADP
-
- Art. 2 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 3 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 4 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 5 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 6 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 7 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 8 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 9 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 11 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 12 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 25 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 29 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 32 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 33 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 34 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
FEDERAL CONSTITUTION
CODE OF OBLIGATIONS
FEDERAL LAW ON PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW
LUGANO CONVENTION
CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
CIVIL PROCEDURE CODE
FEDERAL ACT ON POLITICAL RIGHTS
CIVIL CODE
FEDERAL ACT ON CARTELS AND OTHER RESTRAINTS OF COMPETITION
FEDERAL ACT ON INTERNATIONAL MUTUAL ASSISTANCE IN CRIMINAL MATTERS
DEBT ENFORCEMENT AND BANKRUPTCY ACT
FEDERAL ACT ON DATA PROTECTION
SWISS CRIMINAL CODE
CYBERCRIME CONVENTION
- I. General
- II. Objective facts
- III. Subjective elements of the offense
- IV. Personal scope of application and limits of jurisdiction
- Bibliography
I. General
1 Art. 331 SCC protects the legal interest of national defense. On the one hand, the uniform has a representative function: "The uniform is an expression of belonging to the army. [...]" (Art. 58 para. 1 Service Regulations of the Armed Forces). The idea of state representation is thus also reflected in the permit requirement for wearing foreign military uniforms in Switzerland and Swiss military uniforms abroad (Ordinance on the Wearing of Foreign Uniforms in Switzerland and Swiss Military Uniforms Abroad, SR 125).
2 On the other hand, the uniform has a distinguishing function between civilian and military persons and thus justifies the presumption that the latter are legitimized to perform sovereign acts. Furthermore, in international armed conflict, the uniform serves as a distinguishing feature between protected persons and combatants (cf. Art. 44, no. 3, Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, Protocol I). Here, too, it is an indication of being able to participate lawfully in hostilities and to claim prisoner-of-war status.
3 Finally, the criminal offense is intended to ensure the constant readiness of the material serving the armed forces. One objection to this is that the offense is tailored to non-conscripts. It is difficult to imagine that uniformed non-conscripts could effectively jeopardize the operational readiness of the armed forces.
4 According to Art. 23 para. 1 lit. k CrimPC, Art. 331 SCC is subject to federal jurisdiction.
II. Objective facts
A. The uniform of the Swiss Army
5 The term "army uniform" is to be interpreted broadly, as the French and Italian versions show ("l'uniform de l'armée" / "l'uniforme dell'esercito svizzero"). The facts include all official tenus of the Swiss Army (Army and Air Force). The uniform can be genuine or imitation. Thus, according to the opinion represented here, uniforms that are not in service also fall within the scope of application as long as they strongly resemble the current one. Uniforms with a clear historical reference, however, are excluded.
6 With regard to the protected legal interest, not all uniform components (belt, T-shirt, etc.) fall under the protection of criminal law. The overall appearance of the perpetrator and the reference to the Swiss army generated by it are likely to be decisive. This applies to the initial uniform and regularly to uniform components with camouflage print. The latter may not be given to departing members of the armed forces as property (Art. 27 para. 1 lit. b Ordinance on the Personal Equipment of Members of the Armed Forces, VPAA, SR 514.10).
B. Unauthorized carrying
7 Service members are in principle prohibited from using the uniform for private purposes (Art. 114 para. 4 Military Act, MG, SR 510.10). Art. 21 VPAA regulates the exceptions and mentions, for example, participation in off-duty activities of military societies, military sports activities, employees of the Defense Group, political events (lit. a-c) and with the approval of the Defense Group: Officers' balls, historical parades and events, fairs, weddings and funeral ceremonies (lit. d).
8 For non-civil servants, there is no such general permission as in Art. 21 para. 1 lit. a-c VPAA. They must always obtain prior permission for use, e.g. for filming or theater performances.
9 In order to fulfill this requirement, the uniform must be worn and perceived by the public. This requirement can also be fulfilled in the digital space. Wearing the uniform in private, on the other hand, does not affect the protected legal interest and is not punishable.
III. Subjective elements of the offense
10 The elements of the offense can only be committed intentionally, whereby contingent intent is sufficient.
IV. Personal scope of application and limits of jurisdiction
11 Art. 331 SCC is not a special offense. However, insofar as the perpetrator is subject to military jurisdiction, the provisions of the MStG take precedence over Art. 331 SCC (Art. 9 para. 1 SCC). Specifically, service members are liable to prosecution for the misuse of army material by wearing their personal uniform or those of other Swiss army members without authorization (Art. 73 no. 1 MStG). In this case, the service members are subject to military jurisdiction both on and off duty (Art. 3 para. 1 no. 1 and 4 MStG).
12 The unauthorized wearing of the uniform may be considered as prohibited insidiousness in an international armed conflict (Art. 37 no. 1 Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, SR 0.518.521, and Art. 23 lit. f Convention relating to the Laws and Customs of Land Warfare, SR 0.515.112). Art. 264g para. 1 lit. d SCC and Art. 112c para. d MStG each take precedence over Art. 331 SCC as lex specialis.
13 If the perpetrator performs an (unauthorized) official act while wearing the uniform without authorization, Art. 287 SCC takes precedence insofar as the perpetrator did not give other persons the impression that he or she was authorized to perform the official act by wearing the uniform.
14 In view of the personal scope of application, Art. 331 SCC has no great practical significance, which is why its deletion was considered. However, it seems justified to criminalize unauthorized carrying equally by both those on duty and those not on duty.
Bibliography
Botschaft des Bundesrates an die Bundesversammlung zu einem Gesetzesentwurf enthaltend das schweizerische Strafgesetzbuch vom 23.7.1918, BBl 1918 IV 1 ff., abrufbar unter https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/fga/1918/4_1_1_1/de zuletzt besucht am 28.11.2022.
Corboz Bernard, Les infractions en droit suisse, Volume II, 3. Aufl., Bern 2010.
Délèze Julien, in: Macaluso Alain/Moreillon Laurent/Queloz Nicolas (Hrsg.), Commentaire romand Code pénal II, Basel 2017.
Donatsch Andreas/Thommen Marc/Wohlers Wolfgang, Strafrecht IV, Delikte gegen die Allgemeinheit, 5. Aufl., Zürich 2017.
Dupuis Michel, et al. (Hrsg.), Petit commentaire Code pénal, 2. Aufl., Basel 2017.
Erläuternder Bericht zum Bundesgesetz über die Harmonisierung der Strafrahmen im Strafgesetzbuch, im Militärstrafgesetz und im Nebenstrafrecht, aufrufbar unter https://www.bj.admin.ch/dam/bj/de/data/sicherheit/gesetzgebung/strafrahmenharmonisierung/vn-ber-d.pdf.download.pdf/vn-ber-d.pdf zuletzt besucht am 28.11.2022.
Hauri Kurt, Kommentar Militärstrafgesetz, Bern 1983.
Heimgartner Stefan, in: Niggli Marcel Alexander/Wiprächtiger Hans (Hrsg.), Basler Kommentar, Strafrecht II, 4. Aufl., Basel 2018.
Omlin Esther, in: Niggli Marcel Alexander/Wiprächtiger Hans (Hrsg.), Basler Kommentar, Strafrecht II, 4. Aufl., Basel 2018.
Stratenwerth Günter/Bommer Felix, Schweizerisches Strafrecht, Besonderer Teil II: Straftaten gegen Gemeininteressen, 7. Aufl., Bern 2013.
Trechsel Stefan/Ogg Marcel, in: Trechsel Stefan/Pieth Mark (Hrsg.), Schweizerisches Strafgesetzbuch Praxiskommentar, 4. Aufl., Zürich/St. Gallen 2021.