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- Art. 5a FC
- Art. 6 FC
- Art. 10 FC
- Art. 16 FC
- Art. 17 FC
- Art. 20 FC
- Art. 22 FC
- Art. 29a FC
- Art. 30 FC
- Art. 32 FC
- Art. 42 FC
- Art. 43 FC
- Art. 43a FC
- Art. 55 FC
- Art. 56 FC
- Art. 60 FC
- Art. 68 FC
- Art. 75b FC
- Art. 77 FC
- Art. 96 para. 2 lit. a FC
- Art. 110 FC
- Art. 117a FC
- Art. 118 FC
- Art. 123b FC
- Art. 136 FC
- Art. 166 FC
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- Art. 11 CO
- Art. 12 CO
- Art. 50 CO
- Art. 51 CO
- Art. 84 CO
- Art. 143 CO
- Art. 144 CO
- Art. 145 CO
- Art. 146 CO
- Art. 147 CO
- Art. 148 CO
- Art. 149 CO
- Art. 150 CO
- Art. 701 CO
- Art. 715 CO
- Art. 715a CO
- Art. 734f CO
- Art. 785 CO
- Art. 786 CO
- Art. 787 CO
- Art. 788 CO
- Transitional provisions to the revision of the Stock Corporation Act of June 19, 2020
- Art. 808c CO
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- Art. 2 PRA
- Art. 3 PRA
- Art. 4 PRA
- Art. 6 PRA
- Art. 10 PRA
- Art. 10a PRA
- Art. 11 PRA
- Art. 12 PRA
- Art. 13 PRA
- Art. 14 PRA
- Art. 15 PRA
- Art. 16 PRA
- Art. 17 PRA
- Art. 19 PRA
- Art. 20 PRA
- Art. 21 PRA
- Art. 22 PRA
- Art. 23 PRA
- Art. 24 PRA
- Art. 25 PRA
- Art. 26 PRA
- Art. 27 PRA
- Art. 29 PRA
- Art. 30 PRA
- Art. 31 PRA
- Art. 32 PRA
- Art. 32a PRA
- Art. 33 PRA
- Art. 34 PRA
- Art. 35 PRA
- Art. 36 PRA
- Art. 37 PRA
- Art. 38 PRA
- Art. 39 PRA
- Art. 40 PRA
- Art. 41 PRA
- Art. 42 PRA
- Art. 43 PRA
- Art. 44 PRA
- Art. 45 PRA
- Art. 46 PRA
- Art. 47 PRA
- Art. 48 PRA
- Art. 49 PRA
- Art. 50 PRA
- Art. 51 PRA
- Art. 52 PRA
- Art. 53 PRA
- Art. 54 PRA
- Art. 55 PRA
- Art. 56 PRA
- Art. 57 PRA
- Art. 58 PRA
- Art. 59a PRA
- Art. 59b PRA
- Art. 59c PRA
- Art. 62 PRA
- Art. 63 PRA
- Art. 67 PRA
- Art. 67a PRA
- Art. 67b PRA
- Art. 75 PRA
- Art. 75a PRA
- Art. 76 PRA
- Art. 76a PRA
- Art. 90 PRA
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- Vorb. zu Art. 1 FADP
- Art. 1 FADP
- Art. 2 FADP
- Art. 3 FADP
- Art. 5 lit. f und g FADP
- Art. 6 Abs. 6 and 7 FADP
- Art. 7 FADP
- Art. 10 FADP
- Art. 11 FADP
- Art. 12 FADP
- Art. 14 FADP
- Art. 15 FADP
- Art. 19 FADP
- Art. 20 FADP
- Art. 22 FADP
- Art. 23 FADP
- Art. 25 FADP
- Art. 26 FADP
- Art. 27 FADP
- Art. 31 para. 2 lit. e FADP
- Art. 33 FADP
- Art. 34 FADP
- Art. 35 FADP
- Art. 38 FADP
- Art. 39 FADP
- Art. 40 FADP
- Art. 41 FADP
- Art. 42 FADP
- Art. 43 FADP
- Art. 44 FADP
- Art. 44a FADP
- Art. 45 FADP
- Art. 46 FADP
- Art. 47 FADP
- Art. 47a FADP
- Art. 48 FADP
- Art. 49 FADP
- Art. 50 FADP
- Art. 51 FADP
- Art. 54 FADP
- Art. 57 FADP
- Art. 58 FADP
- Art. 60 FADP
- Art. 61 FADP
- Art. 62 FADP
- Art. 63 FADP
- Art. 64 FADP
- Art. 65 FADP
- Art. 66 FADP
- Art. 67 FADP
- Art. 69 FADP
- Art. 72 FADP
- Art. 72a FADP
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- Art. 2 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 3 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 4 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 5 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 6 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 7 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 8 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 9 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 11 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 12 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 25 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 29 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 32 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 33 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 34 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
FEDERAL CONSTITUTION
CODE OF OBLIGATIONS
FEDERAL LAW ON PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW
LUGANO CONVENTION
CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
CIVIL PROCEDURE CODE
FEDERAL ACT ON POLITICAL RIGHTS
CIVIL CODE
FEDERAL ACT ON CARTELS AND OTHER RESTRAINTS OF COMPETITION
FEDERAL ACT ON INTERNATIONAL MUTUAL ASSISTANCE IN CRIMINAL MATTERS
DEBT ENFORCEMENT AND BANKRUPTCY ACT
FEDERAL ACT ON DATA PROTECTION
SWISS CRIMINAL CODE
CYBERCRIME CONVENTION
- In a nutshell
- I. General
- II. competence for criminal prosecution and jurisdiction
- III. Rights of the FDPIC (para. 2)
- Bibliography
- Materials
In a nutshell
As already standardized in the Federal Constitution and the Code of Criminal Procedure, the prosecution and adjudication of criminal acts are the responsibility of the cantons according to Chapter 8 of the Data Protection Act. The FDPIC has the right to file a complaint and may constitute itself as a private plaintiff in criminal proceedings.
I. General
1 The provision of Art. 65 para. 1 is derived from Art. 123 para. 2 FC, according to which jurisdiction in criminal matters and for the execution of sentences and measures lies primarily and principally with the cantons. It coincides with the provision of Art. 22 Code of Criminal Procedure. Art. 65 para. 1 is of a purely declaratory nature in that this provision does not establish federal competence and thus no departure from the cantonal competence already provided for under the aforementioned provisions. In other words, even without an explicit norm, the cantons would be responsible for prosecuting and adjudicating criminal acts under Chapter 8.
2 The provision of Art. 65 para. 1 was already envisaged in this way in the preliminary draft. In the consultation procedure, the majority of the cantons opposed the idea that the prosecution and adjudication of punishable acts should continue to be the responsibility of the cantons. The reason given for this opposition was the fear that criminal proceedings could increase due to the higher number of unlawful acts and the harsher sanctions, which would require the employment of specialized staff. It was also argued that cantonal jurisdiction would make uniform enforcement of data protection law more difficult.
3 Art. 65 para. 2 strengthens the position of the FDPIC by expressly granting it the right to file criminal charges and to constitute itself in criminal proceedings as a private plaintiff within the meaning of Art. 118 CPC et seq.
4 The provision of Art. 65 para. 2 was not yet included in the preliminary draft, but only in the draft. In the consultation process, there were several calls for the FDPIC to be empowered to impose administrative sanctions. In contrast to European law, however, it was decided against a sanctioning possibility by the FDPIC. Instead, the lack of authority to impose administrative sanctions was compensated for by the introduction of other provisions in the FADP. These include, in particular, Art. 65 para. 2, whereby the FDPIC can file a complaint with the cantonal criminal authority and exercise the rights of a private plaintiff in criminal proceedings, or the penalty provisions of Art. 60 para. 2 and of Art. 63.
II. competence for criminal prosecution and jurisdiction
A. Cantonal jurisdiction (para. 1)
5 Both the prosecution and the adjudication of criminal acts under Chapter 8 fall within the jurisdiction of the cantons (so-called original cantonal jurisdiction).
6 In principle, the Federal Act of 22 March 1974 on Administrative Criminal Law (VStrR) is therefore not applicable (for its applicability, it would be a prerequisite that the aforementioned jurisdiction would lie with an administrative authority of the Confederation, Art. 1 VStrR). However, by virtue of an explicit reference in Art. 64 para. 1, Articles 6 and 7 of the Criminal Procedure Code apply to offences committed in business establishments. This reference does not change the aforementioned cantonal jurisdiction.
7 The local jurisdiction is governed by the general rules of jurisdiction of Art. 31 et seq. Code of Criminal Procedure.
B. Multiple jurisdiction
8 Art. 65 does not comment on the situation where both cantonal and federal jurisdiction exists in a criminal case. In this case, an offender who violates not only one or more elements of the offences in Chapter 8, but also one or more elements of the offences that are subject to federal jurisdiction, is to be considered.
9 In the absence of an explicit provision, reference must be made here to Article 26 para. 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure: According to this provision, the Office of the Attorney General of the Confederation "may order the unification of proceedings in the hands of the federal authorities or the cantonal authorities."
III. Rights of the FDPIC (para. 2)
A. Right of notification
10 The FDPIC has the right (but not the obligation) to file a complaint with the competent prosecuting authority. However, he does not have the right to file a criminal complaint. The right to file a criminal complaint belongs solely to the data subject whose rights (such as the right to information, the right of access, the right to secure transfer of one's personal data to third parties) have been violated.
11 It is up to the competent criminal authority to initiate a criminal investigation if it has concrete indications that a criminal offence may have been committed (Art. 7 para. 1 Criminal Procedure Code). Within the framework of Art. 8 CCP, the public prosecutor's office may refrain from prosecution and, in particular, discontinue criminal proceedings that have already been opened, for example, if the case is a minor one or the offender has made good the damage caused and there are no interests that conflict with discontinuing the criminal proceedings.
B. Constitution as a private prosecutor
12 The FDPIC is also entitled to participate in the cantonal criminal proceedings as a private plaintiff (and thus as a party, Art. 104 para. 1 lit. b CCP) within the meaning of Art. 118 CCP. If it deems it necessary in the interest of a uniform application of the FADP, the FDPIC may, for instance
challenge discontinuation orders (Art. 322 para. 2 CCP) and appeal against cantonal judgments (Art. 382 para. 1 CCP);
request inspection of files (Art. 101 para. 1 Criminal Procedure Code);
participate in procedural acts (Art. 107 para. 1 lit. b CCP) and in the taking of evidence (Art. 147 ff. CCP); and
submit requests for evidence (Art. 107 para. 1 lit. e CCP).
Bibliography
Kipfer Daniel, Kommentierung zu Art. 22 StPO, in: Niggli Marcel Alexander/Heer Marianne/Wiprächtiger Hans (Hrsg.), Basler Kommentar, Strafprozessordnung/Jugendstrafprozessordnung (StPO/JStPO), 2. Aufl., Basel 2014.
Rosenthal David/Gubler, Seraina, Die Strafbestimmungen des neuen DSG, SZW 1/2021, S. 52 ff.; Wohlers Wolfgang, Kommentierung zu Art. 65 DSG, in: Baeriswyl Bruno/Pärli Kurt/Blonski, Dominika (Hrsg.), Stämpflis Handkommentar, Datenschutzgesetz, 2. Aufl., Bern 2023.
Materials
Botschaft zum Bundesgesetz über die Totalrevision des Bundesgesetzes über den Datenschutz und die Änderung weiterer Erlasse zum Datenschutz vom 15.9.2017, BBl 2017 S. 6941 ff. (zit. Botschaft 2017), abrufbar unter https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/federal-gazette/2017/6941.pdf, besucht am 8.8.2023.
Zusammenfassung des Bundesamts für Justiz BJ der Ergebnisse des Vernehmlassungsverfahrens vom 10.8.2017 betreffend Vorentwurf für das Bundesgesetz über die Totalrevision des Datenschutzgesetzes und die Änderung weiterer Erlasse zum Datenschutz vom 21.12.2016 (zit. Zusammenfassung Vernehmlassung VE-DSG), abrufbar unter https://www.bj.admin.ch/dam/bj/de/data/staat/gesetzgebung/datenschutzstaerkung/ve-ber-d.pdf.download.pdf/ve-ber-d.pdf, besucht am 8.8.2023.