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- Art. 5a FC
- Art. 6 FC
- Art. 10 FC
- Art. 16 FC
- Art. 17 FC
- Art. 20 FC
- Art. 22 FC
- Art. 29a FC
- Art. 30 FC
- Art. 32 FC
- Art. 42 FC
- Art. 43 FC
- Art. 43a FC
- Art. 55 FC
- Art. 56 FC
- Art. 60 FC
- Art. 68 FC
- Art. 75b FC
- Art. 77 FC
- Art. 96 para. 2 lit. a FC
- Art. 110 FC
- Art. 117a FC
- Art. 118 FC
- Art. 123b FC
- Art. 136 FC
- Art. 166 FC
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- Art. 11 CO
- Art. 12 CO
- Art. 50 CO
- Art. 51 CO
- Art. 84 CO
- Art. 143 CO
- Art. 144 CO
- Art. 145 CO
- Art. 146 CO
- Art. 147 CO
- Art. 148 CO
- Art. 149 CO
- Art. 150 CO
- Art. 701 CO
- Art. 715 CO
- Art. 715a CO
- Art. 734f CO
- Art. 785 CO
- Art. 786 CO
- Art. 787 CO
- Art. 788 CO
- Transitional provisions to the revision of the Stock Corporation Act of June 19, 2020
- Art. 808c CO
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- Art. 2 PRA
- Art. 3 PRA
- Art. 4 PRA
- Art. 6 PRA
- Art. 10 PRA
- Art. 10a PRA
- Art. 11 PRA
- Art. 12 PRA
- Art. 13 PRA
- Art. 14 PRA
- Art. 15 PRA
- Art. 16 PRA
- Art. 17 PRA
- Art. 19 PRA
- Art. 20 PRA
- Art. 21 PRA
- Art. 22 PRA
- Art. 23 PRA
- Art. 24 PRA
- Art. 25 PRA
- Art. 26 PRA
- Art. 27 PRA
- Art. 29 PRA
- Art. 30 PRA
- Art. 31 PRA
- Art. 32 PRA
- Art. 32a PRA
- Art. 33 PRA
- Art. 34 PRA
- Art. 35 PRA
- Art. 36 PRA
- Art. 37 PRA
- Art. 38 PRA
- Art. 39 PRA
- Art. 40 PRA
- Art. 41 PRA
- Art. 42 PRA
- Art. 43 PRA
- Art. 44 PRA
- Art. 45 PRA
- Art. 46 PRA
- Art. 47 PRA
- Art. 48 PRA
- Art. 49 PRA
- Art. 50 PRA
- Art. 51 PRA
- Art. 52 PRA
- Art. 53 PRA
- Art. 54 PRA
- Art. 55 PRA
- Art. 56 PRA
- Art. 57 PRA
- Art. 58 PRA
- Art. 59a PRA
- Art. 59b PRA
- Art. 59c PRA
- Art. 62 PRA
- Art. 63 PRA
- Art. 67 PRA
- Art. 67a PRA
- Art. 67b PRA
- Art. 75 PRA
- Art. 75a PRA
- Art. 76 PRA
- Art. 76a PRA
- Art. 90 PRA
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- Vorb. zu Art. 1 FADP
- Art. 1 FADP
- Art. 2 FADP
- Art. 3 FADP
- Art. 5 lit. f und g FADP
- Art. 6 Abs. 6 and 7 FADP
- Art. 7 FADP
- Art. 10 FADP
- Art. 11 FADP
- Art. 12 FADP
- Art. 14 FADP
- Art. 15 FADP
- Art. 19 FADP
- Art. 20 FADP
- Art. 22 FADP
- Art. 23 FADP
- Art. 25 FADP
- Art. 26 FADP
- Art. 27 FADP
- Art. 31 para. 2 lit. e FADP
- Art. 33 FADP
- Art. 34 FADP
- Art. 35 FADP
- Art. 38 FADP
- Art. 39 FADP
- Art. 40 FADP
- Art. 41 FADP
- Art. 42 FADP
- Art. 43 FADP
- Art. 44 FADP
- Art. 44a FADP
- Art. 45 FADP
- Art. 46 FADP
- Art. 47 FADP
- Art. 47a FADP
- Art. 48 FADP
- Art. 49 FADP
- Art. 50 FADP
- Art. 51 FADP
- Art. 54 FADP
- Art. 57 FADP
- Art. 58 FADP
- Art. 60 FADP
- Art. 61 FADP
- Art. 62 FADP
- Art. 63 FADP
- Art. 64 FADP
- Art. 65 FADP
- Art. 66 FADP
- Art. 67 FADP
- Art. 69 FADP
- Art. 72 FADP
- Art. 72a FADP
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- Art. 2 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 3 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 4 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 5 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 6 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 7 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 8 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 9 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 11 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 12 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 25 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 29 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 32 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 33 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 34 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
FEDERAL CONSTITUTION
CODE OF OBLIGATIONS
FEDERAL LAW ON PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW
LUGANO CONVENTION
CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
CIVIL PROCEDURE CODE
FEDERAL ACT ON POLITICAL RIGHTS
CIVIL CODE
FEDERAL ACT ON CARTELS AND OTHER RESTRAINTS OF COMPETITION
FEDERAL ACT ON INTERNATIONAL MUTUAL ASSISTANCE IN CRIMINAL MATTERS
DEBT ENFORCEMENT AND BANKRUPTCY ACT
FEDERAL ACT ON DATA PROTECTION
SWISS CRIMINAL CODE
CYBERCRIME CONVENTION
- I. History of origin
- II. Significance of the provision
- III. Commentary on the text of the standard
- Bibliography
- Materials
I. History of origin
1 The grounds for invalidity for entire ballot papers contained in para. 1 originate for the most part from the NWG 1919. Thus, pursuant to Art. 14 para. 4 NWG 1919, ballot papers were invalid if they did not contain a valid candidate's name (cf. today's para. 1 lit. a). Ballot papers containing defamatory remarks were also invalid pursuant to Art. 14 para. 5 NWG 1919 (cf. today's para. 1 lit. d). The requirement for handwritten entries and changes to the ballot paper (cf. today para. 1 lit. c) was regulated in a different context in Art. 13 para. 1 sentence 2 NWG 1919. In the course of the enactment of the PRA, a new ground for invalidity was introduced for the use of non-official ballot papers (para. 1 lit. b) as a consequence of the newly introduced obligation to use official ballot papers (Art. 5 para. 1 PRA).
2 In 1992, the provision in para. 1 lit. e enacted in 1976, according to which ballot papers were invalid if they were posted at a foreign post office in the case of postal voting, was repealed. The repeal took place as part of the reform to facilitate the political participation of voters residing abroad. Since then, they have been allowed to vote by post from abroad. Accordingly, the Federal Council stated: "In future, ballot papers submitted from abroad should therefore be valid, provided they arrive before the close of business on the last working day before the voting day. Accordingly, Article [...] 38 [...] PRA is to be amended".
3 The invalidity of individual candidate votes if a name appears more than twice on a ballot paper (para. 2 lit. a) stems from Art. 13 para. 3 NWG 1919 ("It is not permitted to place the name of a candidate more than twice on a ballot paper"). Para. 2 lit. b was added with the 2013 revision. It regulates the legal consequences in the event that a multiple candidacy is recognized too late, i.e. after the nominations have been cleared. The invalidation of individual candidate votes should not result in the loss of any votes for the list in question. The regulation was seen as necessary because there are more and more candidacies and this could also prevent double candidacies that are prohibited "retrospectively".
4 Para. 3 regarding the evaluation of ballot papers with more names than there are seats to be allocated goes back in principle to Art. 14 para. 2 NWG 1919. According to this provision, the last names were to be deleted if a ballot paper contained more names than there were representatives to be elected. When the PRA was created, a controversy arose as to whether the last names should be deleted first in the case of surplus names or whether the last pre-printed names should be deleted instead. The Federal Council's draft of 1975 proposed that the printed names should be deleted first (and only then the handwritten names). However, the National Council committee requested that this addition be deleted. This procedure had been tried in the last elections and had caused confusion (and an electoral appeal). The National Council followed this proposal. The majority of the Committee of the Council of States proposed to follow the National Council, but there was a minority motion that again called for the printed names to be deleted as a matter of priority. However, in contrast to the Federal Council's proposal, this motion wanted to add that "only printed names" should be deleted first. In other words, not those that were printed and handwritten (i.e. cumulated by the voters). The minority motion was rejected and the Council of States followed the National Council. Art. 38 para. 3 PRA 1976 thus simply stipulated that the "last names" be deleted.
5 The controversy flared up again during the 2013 revision. The Federal Council did not propose any change. However, the narrow majority of the National Council committee proposed an amendment according to which - in a reversal of the deviating proposals from 1975 - the last handwritten names should be deleted. The National Council followed the proposal of the minority of the committee, namely to leave the Federal Council draft and thus the previous regulation in place. The Council of States committee then proposed the wording "... the last pre-printed names and then the last handwritten names are deleted." which was adopted in plenary without much discussion. This was supplemented by the National Council in the revision of differences - now in line with the 1975 debate - with "the last pre-printed names not cumulated by hand, then the last names filled in by hand". This change was no longer controversial in the Council of States and the paragraph was adopted in this form. The wording has remained unchanged to this day.
6 The reference in para. 4 to grounds for invalidity and nullity in connection with the cantonal procedure was newly created with a partial revision in 1994. The amendment was uncontroversial. It was neither discussed in the Federal Council's dispatch nor addressed in the councils.
7 Para. 5 was incorporated into the PRA with the 2001 amendment and took account of the plan to implement projects for electronic voting. Together with other parts of the revision (Art. 5 para. 3, Art. 8a, Art. 12 para. 3, Art. 38 para. 5 and Art. 49 para. 3 PRA), it forms the legal basis for trials with electronic voting. According to the Federal Council in the dispatch, the validity requirements for the traditional types of voting using official ballot papers could not be maintained for pilot trials with electronic voting; instead, the law of the canton in which a pilot trial with electronic voting is being conducted would have to make the precise distinctions between valid and inadmissible expressions of will required for electronic voting. The article was included in the Federal Council's draft and was adopted without debate in both chambers.
II. Significance of the provision
A. General
8 Art. 38 PRA is primarily aimed at the municipal electoral offices, which identify the invalid ballot papers on the basis of the legal requirements and - possibly with the help of deletions - determine the candidate votes (cf. Art. 9 para. 1 VPR). Art. 38 PRA comprises three different sets of rules in connection with defective ballot papers. Para. 1 sets out the conditions under which a ballot paper is completely invalid. Para. 2 and para. 3 contain provisions on how the authorities are to proceed when evaluating valid ballot papers with incorrect ballot papers in relation to individual candidates. Para. 4 and para. 5 refer to cantonal law for cantonal specifics of the election procedure and for electronic voting.
9 The grounds for invalidity in Art. 38 para. 1 PRA regarding ballot papers in proportional elections to the National Council are very similar to the grounds for invalidity of ballot papers in federal referendums (Art. 12 para. 1 PRA) and ballot papers in cantons with majority elections to the National Council (Art. 49 para. 1 PRA). The grounds for invalidity of the use of non-official ballot papers or ballot papers that have not been filled in by hand (or altered) and the use of defamatory statements or obvious markings are identical. The respective references to cantonal law in connection with the special features of the cantonal procedure and electronic voting in Art. 38 para. 4, Art. 12 para. 2 and Art. 49 para. 2 and Art. 38 para. 5, Art. 12 para. 3 and Art. 49 para. 3 PRA are also congruent. The practical significance of Art. 38 para. 1 PRA is considerable. In the 2023 National Council elections, 2,554,482 (= 98 %) valid ballot papers were offset by 40,979 (= 1.6 %) invalid ballot papers.
10 Only Art. 38 para. 2 and para. 3 contain specific provisions that only apply to proportional representation elections. These refer to special features that only occur in proportional representation elections. They concern cumulation more than twice, the discovery of multiple candidacies by one person in several cantons after the nominations have been adjusted and the casting of too many votes by one elector. The problem of casting too many votes can also occur in major elections in cantons with only one seat. However, this error then leads to the invalidity of the entire ballot paper (cf. Art. 49 para. 1 lit. a PRA).
B. Comparison of laws
11 The grounds for invalidity applicable to the proportional representation of the National Council are also found in cantonal law for the election of cantonal parliaments. This applies equally to cantons with isolated proportional representation in different constituencies, cantons with double proportional representation and cantons with a single constituency. Ballot papers are invalid if they are not official, have been filled in other than by hand, have been altered or contain defamatory statements or obvious markings. Ballot papers that do not contain the name of a candidate are also often deemed invalid. In other cases, the absence of a name is considered a blank vote. In both cases, this means that the ballot paper is not included in the result.
12 The treatment of incorrect candidate votes also largely corresponds to the rules for National Council elections. A vote is invalid if it is cast for a person who is not eligible. If a ballot paper contains more valid names than there are persons to be elected, the surplus votes are invalid. If the name of a candidate appears more than twice on a ballot paper, the excess repetitions are deleted. Both variants of the procedure for deleting surplus names can be found historically in the PRA. Some cantons are familiar with the original method in the Confederation. The names are deleted from bottom to top and from right to left. Other cantons, on the other hand, apply the rule currently in force in the Confederation. If a ballot paper contains more names than there are seats to be allocated, the last pre-printed names that have not been cumulated by hand are deleted, followed by the last handwritten names.
III. Commentary on the text of the standard
A. Para. 1 (Invalid ballot papers)
13 Para. 1 contains the grounds for invalidating entire ballot papers. This is an exhaustive list. There are no other grounds for invalidity. The grounds must be interpreted narrowly, as they constitute a restriction of the freedom to vote and elect (Art. 34 para. 2 FC). Ballot papers declared invalid by the electoral office are not taken into account when determining the election result pursuant to Art. 40 et seq. PRA shall be disregarded in their entirety. Invalid ballot papers are not included in the election result. They are merely recorded as invalid ballot papers (cf. Art. 39 lit. b PRA).
14 An entire ballot paper is invalid if it does not contain the name of a candidate from the constituency (lit. a). This is a specific reason for invalidity for proportional representation elections. Invalidity only exists if no usable expression of will in the form of a candidate's name can be taken from the ballot paper. The provision is related to the requirements for the design of ballot papers with a pre-printed form and for the completion of ballot papers without a pre-printed form. An election proposal may only contain the names of eligible persons (Art. 22 para. 1 sentence 1 PRA). An election proposal adjusted in this sense is called a list (Art. 30 para. 1 PRA). The cantons prepare ballot papers for all lists on which, among other things, the candidate details are pre-printed, as well as ballot papers without pre-printing (Art. 33 para. 1 PRA). If a voter deletes all names on the ballot paper with pre-printed information (cf. Art. 35 para. 2 PRA) or instead only enters the names of persons who are not candidates, this invalidates the entire ballot paper. In the case of a ballot paper without a pre-printed form, the entire ballot paper is invalidated if the voter does not enter a name or only enters the names of non-candidates.
15 Ballot papers that are not official are also invalid (lit. b). The reason for invalidity is a consequence of the obligation to use official ballot papers for voting (Art. 5 para. 1 PRA). The reason for invalidity is reflected in Art. 12 para. 1 lit. a and Art. 49 para. 1 lit. b PRA for ballot papers for referendums and ballot papers for major elections. For details, please refer to the commentaries on these two provisions.
16 Ballot papers that have been completed or altered in a manner other than by hand are also invalid (lit. c). The reason for invalidity is a consequence of the obligation to complete ballot papers without a form by hand or to amend ballot papers with a form by hand only (Art. 5 para. 2 PRA). The provision has equivalents in Art. 12 para. 1 lit. b and Art. 49 para. 1 lit. c PRA. For details, please refer to the commentaries on these two provisions.
17 Finally, ballot papers containing defamatory statements or obvious markings are invalid (lit. d). The reason for invalidity is not a direct result of a legal obligation when carrying out the election. The reason for invalidity is justified by the protection of voting secrecy (Art. 5 para. 7 PRA). While this may seem obvious in the case of obvious markings, which regularly allow conclusions to be drawn about the authorship, i.e. the person voting, the connection is not obvious in the case of defamatory statements. In view of the freedom to vote (Art. 34 para. 2 FC), the assumption of invalidity in lit. d is therefore only to be made under strict conditions. In particular, high demands must be placed on the obviousness of a label and the defamatory nature of a statement must not be assumed lightly. The ground for invalidity has equivalents in Art. 12 para. 1 lit. d and Art. 49 para. 1 lit. d PRA. For details, please refer to the comments on these two provisions.
B. Para. 2 (deletion of inadmissible names from the ballot paper)
18 Para. 2 regulates constellations in which errors in the voting process do not lead to the invalidity of the entire ballot paper, but only to the deletion of individual inadmissible votes on the ballot paper. The provision takes into account the proportionality (cf. Art. 36 para. 3 FC) of the restriction associated with the declaration of invalidity with regard to the freedom to vote and elect (Art. 34 para. 2 FC). The expression of will is only disregarded in the election result to the extent that this is absolutely necessary to comply with other legal provisions. The provision is closely related to Art. 37 para. 3 PRA, according to which names that do not appear on any list of the constituency are deleted.
19 The deletion of individual declarations of intent by the electoral office has the primary legal effect that the vote is not reflected in a candidate vote in favor of the person concerned. Otherwise, the ballot paper remains valid and the correctly cast votes are counted as candidate votes. Indirectly, the deletion of individual votes leads either to the creation of an additional vote for the elected list (Art. 37 para. 1 sentence 1 PRA) or to a blank vote (Art. 37 para. 1 sentence 2 PRA). The Federal Council summed up the desirable side effect from a political perspective with regard to the party-friendly allocation of additional votes in Art. 37 PRA: "The parties do not lose a single vote as a result". From the voter's point of view, an error pursuant to Art. 38 para. 2 PRA has different effects on the election result depending on whether they have voted for a list or not. In the first case, the full voting power is retained; in the second case, the voter loses one vote, as the blank vote does not count in the result.
20 Para. 2 lit. a obliges the electoral office to delete excess repetitions, i.e. if the name of a candidate appears more than twice on a ballot paper. The reason for deletion is a consequence of the provision on cumulation (Art. 35 para. 3 PRA). According to this provision, the voter may list the name of the same candidate on the ballot paper (at most) twice. More frequent cumulation therefore logically leads to the deletion of the supposed additional candidate votes.
21 Para. 2 lit. b ensures the enforcement of the legal prohibition of double candidacies in the event that these are only noticed after the nominations have been corrected and the prohibited candidacies are therefore still on ballot papers with pre-printed forms. By enabling a subsequent official deletion, the aim is to prevent unnoticed double candidacies from thwarting the correct allocation of all votes. If a multiple candidacy is discovered after the nominations have been cleared, the candidacy in question is declared invalid on all lists concerned, namely by the canton if the same nominee appears on more than one cantonal list and by the Federal Chancellery if the same nominee appears on lists of several cantons (Art. 32a para. 1 PRA). In order for the electoral offices to carry out the deletion, the cantons concerned and the Federal Chancellery shall inform each other immediately which candidacies have been declared invalid (Art. 32a para. 2 PRA).
C. Para. 3 (deletion of surplus names from the ballot paper)
22 Para. 3 governs the case in which the voter lists too many names on the ballot paper, i.e. casts more votes than there are seats to be allocated in the canton concerned. The law lays down the rule of interpretation according to which the electoral office only deletes as many names as necessary in the interests of proportionality. Accordingly, only the surplus votes are deleted. The legal consequence is the same as in para. 2: additional votes or blank votes are cast.
23 In the original version of 1976, it was stipulated that the last names were deleted. The electoral office therefore deleted surplus names from bottom to top.
24 The current provision in para. 3 is more complex. In a first step, the last pre-printed names that have not been cumulated by hand are deleted. In a second step, the last handwritten names are deleted. The committee spokesperson justified the thrust of a more differentiated regulation in the Council of States with a view to the regulation in force at the time as follows: "This change deliberately gives more weight to the will of the voters". The National Council also created the current, sophisticated procedure with reference to the will of the voters. On the one hand, the handwritten expression should be given more weight than the pre-printed form, and on the other hand, cumulative names, including the first pre-printed mention of the name, should not be deleted in case of doubt. The legal regulation therefore fictitiously implies the will of the voter in two respects as follows: "If a voter writes a name on a list in his or her own hand, then there is a very clear will to vote for this person" and "If a voter cumulates a name, then the will of the voter is clear that this person should be given an additional vote". The objection raised by the Federal Chancellery that the differentiated deletion rule was not practicable was ultimately not heard by the councils.
25 The provision is the mirror image of Art. 37 para. 1 PRA, which stipulates how to proceed if an elector submits fewer valid candidate votes than there are members of the National Council to be elected in the constituency. A sideways glance at the evaluations and fictions of the will of the voters on which this standard is based shows how differentiated the law is in dealing with too few and too many votes cast. If there are too few votes, the blank lines when using a party list or placing a list designation on a blank list are assumed to contain a statement in favor of the respective party list. If there are too many votes, the pre-printed content is suppressed in favor of the handwritten statements and thus priority is given to handwritten cumulation and variegation.
D. Para. 4 (reference to cantonal law; grounds for invalidity)
26 Para. 4 refers to cantonal law for any further grounds for invalidity and nullity. This concerns grounds for invalidity and nullity that are related to the cantonal procedure (voting envelope, control stamp, etc.). Please refer to the commentary on the corresponding provision in Art. 12 para. 2 for the cantonal particularities and structures.
E. Para. 5 (reference to cantonal law; electronic voting)
27 For trials with electronic voting, para. 5 refers to the law of the canton conducting the trial with regard to the requirements for valid voting and the grounds for invalidity. As trials with electronic voting (cf. Art. 8a PRA) require a mandatory legal basis in cantonal law, the requirements for voting and grounds for invalidity must also be regulated in this context. The general federal legal basis for the reference to cantonal law can be found in Art. 12 para. 3 PRA. For details, please refer to the relevant commentary.
Bibliography
Gfeller Katja, Kommentierung zu Art. 49 BPR, in: Glaser Andreas/Braun Binder Nadja/Bisaz Corsin/Tornay Schaller Bénédicte (Hrsg.), Onlinekommentar zum Bundesgesetz über die politischen Rechte, abrufbar unter https://onlinekommentar.ch/de/kommentare/bpr49, besucht am 20.10.2023.
Glaser Andreas, Kommentierung zu Art. 37 BPR, in: Glaser Andreas/Braun Binder Nadja/Bisaz Corsin/Tornay Schaller Bénédicte (Hrsg.), Onlinekommentar zum Bundesgesetz über die politischen Rechte, abrufbar unter https://onlinekommentar.ch/de/kommentare/bpr37, besucht am 16.1.2024.
Mahon Pascal, Kommentierung zu Art. 12 BPR, in: Glaser Andreas/Braun Binder Nadja/Bisaz Corsin/Tornay Schaller Bénédicte (Hrsg.), Onlinekommentar zum Bundesgesetz über die politischen Rechte, abrufbar unter https://onlinekommentar.ch/de/kommentare/bpr12, besucht am 20.10.2023.
Materials
Botschaft des Bundesrates an die Bundesversammlung zu einem Bundesgesetz über die politischen Rechte vom 9.4.1975, BBl 1975 I 1317 ff., abrufbar unter https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/fga/1975/1_1317_1337_1313/de, besucht am 20.10.2023 (zit. Botschaft 1975).
Bundesgesetz über die politischen Rechte vom 17.12.1976, BBl 1976 III 1450 ff., abrufbar unter https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/fga/1976/3_1450_1476_1445/de, besucht am 20.10.2023 (zit. Bundesgesetz 1976).
Botschaft über die Revision des Bundesgesetzes über die politischen Rechte der Auslandschweizer vom 15.8.1990, BBl 1990 III 445 ff., abrufbar unter https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/fga/1990/3_445_429_393/de, besucht am 20.10.2023 (zit. Botschaft 1990).
Botschaft über eine Teiländerung der Bundesgesetzgebung über die politischen Rechte vom 1.9.1993, BBl 1993 III 445 ff., abrufbar unter https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/fga/1993/3_445_405_309/de, besucht am 20.10.2023 (zit. Botschaft 1993).
Botschaft über eine Änderung des Bundesgesetzes über die politischen Rechte vom 30.11.2001, BBl 2001 6401 ff., abrufbar unter https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/fga/2001/1111/de, besucht am 20.10.2023 (zit. Botschaft 2001).
Botschaft zur Änderung des Bundesgesetzes über die politischen Rechte vom 29.11.2013, BBl 2013 9217 ff., abrufbar unter https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/fga/2013/1844/de, besucht am 20.10.2023 (zit. Botschaft 2013).
Bundesrat, Bericht an den Nationalrat über die Nationalratswahlen für die 52. Legislaturperiode vom 15.11.2023, BBl 2023 2613, abrufbar unter https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/fga/2023/2613/de, besucht am 4.12.2023 (zit. Bericht 2023).