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- Art. 5a FC
- Art. 6 FC
- Art. 10 FC
- Art. 16 FC
- Art. 17 FC
- Art. 20 FC
- Art. 22 FC
- Art. 29a FC
- Art. 30 FC
- Art. 32 FC
- Art. 42 FC
- Art. 43 FC
- Art. 43a FC
- Art. 55 FC
- Art. 56 FC
- Art. 60 FC
- Art. 68 FC
- Art. 75b FC
- Art. 77 FC
- Art. 96 para. 2 lit. a FC
- Art. 110 FC
- Art. 117a FC
- Art. 118 FC
- Art. 123b FC
- Art. 136 FC
- Art. 166 FC
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- Art. 11 CO
- Art. 12 CO
- Art. 50 CO
- Art. 51 CO
- Art. 84 CO
- Art. 143 CO
- Art. 144 CO
- Art. 145 CO
- Art. 146 CO
- Art. 147 CO
- Art. 148 CO
- Art. 149 CO
- Art. 150 CO
- Art. 701 CO
- Art. 715 CO
- Art. 715a CO
- Art. 734f CO
- Art. 785 CO
- Art. 786 CO
- Art. 787 CO
- Art. 788 CO
- Transitional provisions to the revision of the Stock Corporation Act of June 19, 2020
- Art. 808c CO
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- Art. 2 PRA
- Art. 3 PRA
- Art. 4 PRA
- Art. 6 PRA
- Art. 10 PRA
- Art. 10a PRA
- Art. 11 PRA
- Art. 12 PRA
- Art. 13 PRA
- Art. 14 PRA
- Art. 15 PRA
- Art. 16 PRA
- Art. 17 PRA
- Art. 19 PRA
- Art. 20 PRA
- Art. 21 PRA
- Art. 22 PRA
- Art. 23 PRA
- Art. 24 PRA
- Art. 25 PRA
- Art. 26 PRA
- Art. 27 PRA
- Art. 29 PRA
- Art. 30 PRA
- Art. 31 PRA
- Art. 32 PRA
- Art. 32a PRA
- Art. 33 PRA
- Art. 34 PRA
- Art. 35 PRA
- Art. 36 PRA
- Art. 37 PRA
- Art. 38 PRA
- Art. 39 PRA
- Art. 40 PRA
- Art. 41 PRA
- Art. 42 PRA
- Art. 43 PRA
- Art. 44 PRA
- Art. 45 PRA
- Art. 46 PRA
- Art. 47 PRA
- Art. 48 PRA
- Art. 49 PRA
- Art. 50 PRA
- Art. 51 PRA
- Art. 52 PRA
- Art. 53 PRA
- Art. 54 PRA
- Art. 55 PRA
- Art. 56 PRA
- Art. 57 PRA
- Art. 58 PRA
- Art. 59a PRA
- Art. 59b PRA
- Art. 59c PRA
- Art. 62 PRA
- Art. 63 PRA
- Art. 67 PRA
- Art. 67a PRA
- Art. 67b PRA
- Art. 75 PRA
- Art. 75a PRA
- Art. 76 PRA
- Art. 76a PRA
- Art. 90 PRA
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- Vorb. zu Art. 1 FADP
- Art. 1 FADP
- Art. 2 FADP
- Art. 3 FADP
- Art. 5 lit. f und g FADP
- Art. 6 Abs. 6 and 7 FADP
- Art. 7 FADP
- Art. 10 FADP
- Art. 11 FADP
- Art. 12 FADP
- Art. 14 FADP
- Art. 15 FADP
- Art. 19 FADP
- Art. 20 FADP
- Art. 22 FADP
- Art. 23 FADP
- Art. 25 FADP
- Art. 26 FADP
- Art. 27 FADP
- Art. 31 para. 2 lit. e FADP
- Art. 33 FADP
- Art. 34 FADP
- Art. 35 FADP
- Art. 38 FADP
- Art. 39 FADP
- Art. 40 FADP
- Art. 41 FADP
- Art. 42 FADP
- Art. 43 FADP
- Art. 44 FADP
- Art. 44a FADP
- Art. 45 FADP
- Art. 46 FADP
- Art. 47 FADP
- Art. 47a FADP
- Art. 48 FADP
- Art. 49 FADP
- Art. 50 FADP
- Art. 51 FADP
- Art. 54 FADP
- Art. 57 FADP
- Art. 58 FADP
- Art. 60 FADP
- Art. 61 FADP
- Art. 62 FADP
- Art. 63 FADP
- Art. 64 FADP
- Art. 65 FADP
- Art. 66 FADP
- Art. 67 FADP
- Art. 69 FADP
- Art. 72 FADP
- Art. 72a FADP
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- Art. 2 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 3 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 4 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 5 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 6 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 7 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 8 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 9 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 11 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 12 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 25 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 29 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 32 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 33 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 34 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
FEDERAL CONSTITUTION
CODE OF OBLIGATIONS
FEDERAL LAW ON PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW
LUGANO CONVENTION
CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
CIVIL PROCEDURE CODE
FEDERAL ACT ON POLITICAL RIGHTS
CIVIL CODE
FEDERAL ACT ON CARTELS AND OTHER RESTRAINTS OF COMPETITION
FEDERAL ACT ON INTERNATIONAL MUTUAL ASSISTANCE IN CRIMINAL MATTERS
DEBT ENFORCEMENT AND BANKRUPTCY ACT
FEDERAL ACT ON DATA PROTECTION
SWISS CRIMINAL CODE
CYBERCRIME CONVENTION
- In a nutshell
- I. Preliminary: The Different Forms of Personal Data Protection
- II. Protection of personality under data protection law
- Bibliography
In a nutshell
Together with the protection of personality under civil law, data protection law ensures the implementation of the protection of personality under fundamental law: the FADP serves to protect the personality and fundamental rights of natural persons, but no longer to protect legal persons, as was still the case under the old FADP. The purpose of the FADP is thus narrower than that of the DSGVO, for example, which also aims to enable the free movement of data. With the chosen wording, the Swiss legislator makes clear that data protection law is personality protection avant tout, and not protection of economic operators, public security or other interests.
I. Preliminary: The Different Forms of Personal Data Protection
1 Data protection law, together with the protection of personality under civil law (Art. 27 and Art. 28 et seq. of the Civil Code, see below, n. 3), ensures the implementation of the protection of personality under fundamental law (Art. 10 FC, see below, n. 2), and as its manifestation of privacy or informational self-determination (Art. 13 para. 2 FC, see below, n. 2). The interaction of these elements of the protection of personality is as follows:
A. Constitutional protection of informational self-determination within the meaning of Art. 13 para. 2 FC
2 Article 13 FC protects the private sphere as a space for the development and unfolding of the individual personality. Every person, regardless of gender, origin, age, etc., is entitled to respect for their private and family life, their home and their correspondence. Art. 13 para. 2 FC, as a special aspect of the right to privacy, grants a right to protection against misuse of personal data. According to case law, the wording of para. 2 is too narrow: "fundamental right data protection" must in principle cover any handling of personal data by the state.
B. Protection of personality under civil law
3 The personality rights protected in Art. 27 and Art. 28 et seq. CC, which form part of the fundamental right of personal freedom in Art. 10 FC, belong to the individual for his or her own sake and are inseparably linked to his or her person. The area protected by Art. 28 CC is thereby divided in the majority of doctrine into three categories: the physical personality, the affective personality and the social personality.
The physical personality concerns the physical integrity and the physical freedom of movement.
Affective or psychological personality protects the mental-emotional sphere of a person's life.
Social personality protection contributes to the harmonious organization of social and societal relations and protects all the goods to which a person must be entitled in order to enable him or her to live harmoniously in society: These include, in particular, the right to one's name, the right to honor, the right to one's image, data protection, economic freedom, and the right to have one's private life respected and honored.
4 The basic provisions for protection under private law in Art. 27 et seq. CC apply when a violation of personality rights has occurred by another private person and the case cannot be regulated by a special norm of private law. A two-stage examination scheme is then derived from Art. 28 CC:
First, it is examined whether there has been a violation of personality rights.
Then, in a second step, it must be examined whether there is a justification under Art. 28 para. 2 CC, so that the violation can be assessed as not unlawful. If, however, there is no justification after the examination of Art. 28 para. 2 CC, one speaks of an unlawful violation of personality.
II. Protection of personality under data protection law
A. History of FADP Art. 1
5 Article 1 of the FADP was taken over unchanged from the old FADP, although at least during the consultation process various parties expressed the wish that, analogous to Article 1 of the FADP, cross-border data traffic and the protection of competitiveness should also be included in the purpose of the FADP. However, the provision was uncontested in the parliamentary debate.
B. Purpose of the FADP
6 Both the FADP and the cantonal (information and) data protection laws state in their purpose provisions that data protection must not be understood as an end in itself, but rather as an instrument for safeguarding the fundamental rights or protecting the personality of natural persons whose data are processed - data of legal persons are no longer covered by the FADP (see OK-Husi-Stämpfli Art. 2 n. 12).
7 In this self-understanding, Swiss data protection law clearly differs from the DSGVO, which, in addition to the protection of personality, also designates the free movement of data as the purpose of the regulation. In other words, Swiss data protection law is precisely personality protection avant tout, and not protection of economic operators, public security or other interests.
8 The protection of personality is primarily aimed at data processing by private parties, while the protection of fundamental rights is aimed at protection against interference by state authorities. In view of the fact that, from a constitutional point of view, the protection of personality is a consequence of the state's duty to protect and to implement fundamental rights not only by the state but also between private individuals (Art. 35 para. 3 FC), it would have been more consistent from a legal point of view to list the protection of fundamental rights first and then the protection of personality.
9 The "fundamental rights" mentioned in Art. 1 FADP do not only include Art. 13 para. 2 FC or Art. 8 ECHR. Rather, Art. 1 FADP must be understood to include all fundamental rights that may be affected by data processing, such as freedom of expression, prohibition of discrimination, etc. State action must not only comply with the FADP, but also with fundamental rights (Art. 36 FC).
C. Legal nature of Art. 1 FADP
10Art. 1 FADP is a programmatic provision: it does not establish rights and obligations, but it is to be understood as a guideline for the interpretation of subsequent provisions.
The author gives her personal assessment in this commentary.
Bibliography
Fey Marco, Kommentierung zu Art. 1 FADP, in: Baeriswyl Bruno/Pärli Kurt/Blonski Dominika (eds.), Datenschutzgesetz, Stämpflis Handkommentar, 2nd edition, Bern 2023.
Biaggini Giovanni, Kommentar zur Bundesverfassung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft, 2nd edition, Zurich 2017.
Maurer-Lambrou Urs/ Kunz Simon, Kommentierung zu Art. 1 FADP, in: Maurer-Lambrou Urs/Blechta Gabor-Paul (eds.), Datenschutzgesetz / Öffentlichkeitsgesetz, Basler Kommentar, 3rd edition, Basel 2014.
Rosenthal David/Jöhri Yvonne, Handkommentar zum Datenschutzgesetz sowie weiteren, ausgewählten Bestimmungen, Zurich 2008.
Fey Marco, Kommentierung zu Art. 1 DSG, in: Baeriswyl Bruno/Pärli Kurt/Blonski Dominika (Hrsg.), Datenschutzgesetz, Stämpflis Handkommentar, 2. Aufl., Bern 2023.
Biaggini Giovanni, Kommentar zur Bundesverfassung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft, 2. Aufl., Zürich 2017.
Maurer-Lambrou Urs/ Kunz Simon, Kommentierung zu Art. 1 DSG, in: Maurer-Lambrou Urs/Blechta Gabor-Paul (Hrsg.), Datenschutzgesetz / Öffentlichkeitsgesetz, Basler Kommentar, 3. Aufl., Basel 2014.
Rosenthal David/Jöhri Yvonne, Handkommentar zum Datenschutzgesetz sowie weiteren, ausgewählten Bestimmungen, Zürich 2008.