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- Art. 5a FC
- Art. 6 FC
- Art. 10 FC
- Art. 16 FC
- Art. 17 FC
- Art. 20 FC
- Art. 22 FC
- Art. 29a FC
- Art. 30 FC
- Art. 32 FC
- Art. 42 FC
- Art. 43 FC
- Art. 43a FC
- Art. 55 FC
- Art. 56 FC
- Art. 60 FC
- Art. 68 FC
- Art. 75b FC
- Art. 77 FC
- Art. 96 para. 2 lit. a FC
- Art. 110 FC
- Art. 117a FC
- Art. 118 FC
- Art. 123b FC
- Art. 136 FC
- Art. 166 FC
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- Art. 11 CO
- Art. 12 CO
- Art. 50 CO
- Art. 51 CO
- Art. 84 CO
- Art. 143 CO
- Art. 144 CO
- Art. 145 CO
- Art. 146 CO
- Art. 147 CO
- Art. 148 CO
- Art. 149 CO
- Art. 150 CO
- Art. 701 CO
- Art. 715 CO
- Art. 715a CO
- Art. 734f CO
- Art. 785 CO
- Art. 786 CO
- Art. 787 CO
- Art. 788 CO
- Transitional provisions to the revision of the Stock Corporation Act of June 19, 2020
- Art. 808c CO
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- Art. 2 PRA
- Art. 3 PRA
- Art. 4 PRA
- Art. 6 PRA
- Art. 10 PRA
- Art. 10a PRA
- Art. 11 PRA
- Art. 12 PRA
- Art. 13 PRA
- Art. 14 PRA
- Art. 15 PRA
- Art. 16 PRA
- Art. 17 PRA
- Art. 19 PRA
- Art. 20 PRA
- Art. 21 PRA
- Art. 22 PRA
- Art. 23 PRA
- Art. 24 PRA
- Art. 25 PRA
- Art. 26 PRA
- Art. 27 PRA
- Art. 29 PRA
- Art. 30 PRA
- Art. 31 PRA
- Art. 32 PRA
- Art. 32a PRA
- Art. 33 PRA
- Art. 34 PRA
- Art. 35 PRA
- Art. 36 PRA
- Art. 37 PRA
- Art. 38 PRA
- Art. 39 PRA
- Art. 40 PRA
- Art. 41 PRA
- Art. 42 PRA
- Art. 43 PRA
- Art. 44 PRA
- Art. 45 PRA
- Art. 46 PRA
- Art. 47 PRA
- Art. 48 PRA
- Art. 49 PRA
- Art. 50 PRA
- Art. 51 PRA
- Art. 52 PRA
- Art. 53 PRA
- Art. 54 PRA
- Art. 55 PRA
- Art. 56 PRA
- Art. 57 PRA
- Art. 58 PRA
- Art. 59a PRA
- Art. 59b PRA
- Art. 59c PRA
- Art. 62 PRA
- Art. 63 PRA
- Art. 67 PRA
- Art. 67a PRA
- Art. 67b PRA
- Art. 75 PRA
- Art. 75a PRA
- Art. 76 PRA
- Art. 76a PRA
- Art. 90 PRA
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- Vorb. zu Art. 1 FADP
- Art. 1 FADP
- Art. 2 FADP
- Art. 3 FADP
- Art. 5 lit. f und g FADP
- Art. 6 Abs. 6 and 7 FADP
- Art. 7 FADP
- Art. 10 FADP
- Art. 11 FADP
- Art. 12 FADP
- Art. 14 FADP
- Art. 15 FADP
- Art. 19 FADP
- Art. 20 FADP
- Art. 22 FADP
- Art. 23 FADP
- Art. 25 FADP
- Art. 26 FADP
- Art. 27 FADP
- Art. 31 para. 2 lit. e FADP
- Art. 33 FADP
- Art. 34 FADP
- Art. 35 FADP
- Art. 38 FADP
- Art. 39 FADP
- Art. 40 FADP
- Art. 41 FADP
- Art. 42 FADP
- Art. 43 FADP
- Art. 44 FADP
- Art. 44a FADP
- Art. 45 FADP
- Art. 46 FADP
- Art. 47 FADP
- Art. 47a FADP
- Art. 48 FADP
- Art. 49 FADP
- Art. 50 FADP
- Art. 51 FADP
- Art. 54 FADP
- Art. 57 FADP
- Art. 58 FADP
- Art. 60 FADP
- Art. 61 FADP
- Art. 62 FADP
- Art. 63 FADP
- Art. 64 FADP
- Art. 65 FADP
- Art. 66 FADP
- Art. 67 FADP
- Art. 69 FADP
- Art. 72 FADP
- Art. 72a FADP
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- Art. 2 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 3 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 4 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 5 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 6 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 7 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 8 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 9 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 11 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 12 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 25 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 29 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 32 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 33 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 34 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
FEDERAL CONSTITUTION
CODE OF OBLIGATIONS
FEDERAL LAW ON PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW
LUGANO CONVENTION
CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
CIVIL PROCEDURE CODE
FEDERAL ACT ON POLITICAL RIGHTS
CIVIL CODE
FEDERAL ACT ON CARTELS AND OTHER RESTRAINTS OF COMPETITION
FEDERAL ACT ON INTERNATIONAL MUTUAL ASSISTANCE IN CRIMINAL MATTERS
DEBT ENFORCEMENT AND BANKRUPTCY ACT
FEDERAL ACT ON DATA PROTECTION
SWISS CRIMINAL CODE
CYBERCRIME CONVENTION
- I. General
- II. Objective elements of the offence
- III. Subjective Elements of the Crime
- IV. Attempt and Aiding and Abetting
- V. Concurrences
- Bibliography
I. General
1 Art. 329 SCC protects the legal interest of national defense and, according to the margin, military secrets in particular. Despite the identical marginal note, however, the offense cannot be equated with Art. 106 MStG, because the latter only protects material secrets. In contrast, Art. 329 SCC already criminalizes the impairment of formal secrets, i.e. documents, etc., which, regardless of their actual secrecy, are classified as confidential or secret according to the special provisions of administrative law, and thus the apron of military secrets. It is thus an abstract endangerment offense. The Federal Supreme Court confirmed the prevailing doctrine and stated that Art. 329 SCC was already fulfilled if no military secrets to be preserved in the interest of national defense were affected by the proscribed conduct.
2 At the same time, paragraph 1 protects the domestic right of the military authorities as an official offense.
3 In accordance with Art. 23 para. 1 letter k CrimPC, Art. 329 SCC is subject to federal jurisdiction.
II. Objective elements of the offence
A. Offenses
1. Intrusion
4 The offence is committed by anyone who unlawfully enters an institution. Paragraph 1 mentions institutions and other localities. It thus protects enclosed facilities, such as barracks, but also open training grounds or car parks (so-called "barracks trespass").
2. Imaging, copying or publishing
5 The offense is committed by anyone who creates an image or performs a (downstream) action such as copying or publishing. This includes publications in magazines, posts in social media or the creation of printscreens or copies. It is not necessary that the illustration has already been disclosed to third parties.
6 The content of the image may be military establishments or items classified as confidential or secret, such as documents, plans, radios, parts of weapon systems, etc.
B. Unlawfulness
7 The elements of the offense require that the act be done unlawfully, i.e., generally without right or without specific authorization. The unlawfulness must therefore be positively affirmed.
1. Basis of restrictions and prohibitions (classification)
8 In the case of installations under the Federal Law on the Protection of Military Installations, any unauthorized entry, depiction, etc. is prohibited (Art. 4 Federal Law on the Protection of Military Installations, SR 510.518). This is subject to authorization in accordance with the provisions of the Ordinance on the Protection of Military Installations. This generally permits the depiction of the exterior of a facility that can be perceived without special aids or special precautions. However, publication must not allow any conclusions to be drawn about the location or purpose of the installation (Art. 4 para. 5 Installation Protection Ordinance, SR 510.518.1). Under these conditions, aerial photographs of military installations are also permitted (Art. 80 Ordinance on Aviation, SR 748.01).
9 Further restrictions and prohibitions can be found in the Federal Information Security Act (E-ISG), which regulates the processing of documents classified as "confidential" or "secret," etc. The classification must be recognizable to the perpetrator, e.g., by an appropriate imprint or stamp.
10 A ban on entering a military installation can also be based on the general domiciliary right of the military authorities, as can be derived from the wording of the law. In question are (house) bans by the military authorities of the Confederation (the Defense Group, the Federal Office of Armaments and the Chief Audit Office) including the army, the military authorities of the cantons and third parties entrusted with military tasks. Such a prohibition must be recognizable to the perpetrators, e.g. by appropriate signage.
2. Timeliness of restrictions and prohibitions (classification)
11 Since Art. 329 SCC already protects formal secrets, it is irrelevant, according to the view expressed here, whether the special legal requirements (e.g. according to E-ISG) for classification were (still) fulfilled at the time of the offense. Likewise, a declassification is irrelevant if it was not yet known at the time of the offense. As long as a classification was recognizable to the perpetrator, Art. 329 SCC applies. Excluded from this are invalid classifications or those which obviously cannot (any longer) pursue a purpose of secrecy, e.g. a site plan of the barracks in Bern. The same must apply if the perpetrator knew with certainty that the classification had been removed at the time of the crime. A subsequent declassification does not exonerate the perpetrator from his criminal responsibility.
III. Subjective Elements of the Crime
12 The elements of the offense require intent, although contingent intent is sufficient. The subjective element requires, in particular, that the perpetrator was aware of the unlawfulness. According to the Federal Supreme Court, the visible classification "confidential" or "secret" is a significant indication of a material secret. This must apply a fortiori to formal secrets. Knowledge of unlawfulness may also be deemed to exist otherwise, for example on the basis of special knowledge of the perpetrator or on the basis of the overall circumstances.
13 Treasonable intent is not required.
IV. Attempt and Aiding and Abetting
14 Attempt and aiding and abetting are punishable under no. 2, e.g., offering classified documents to media representatives for publication. The offering of classified documents to the media with the aim of inducing the military authorities to do, tolerate or refrain from doing something is also an unlawful means of coercion.
V. Concurrences
15 Art. 329 SCC is subsidiary to Art. 267 SCC (diplomatic treason), Art. 274 SCC (military intelligence), Art. 86 SCC (espionage and treasonable violation of military secrets), Art. 106 SCC (violation of military secrets) and Art. 7 Federal Law on the Protection of Military Installations. In each case, it is a predicate offense that is also punishable.
16 In general, it should be noted that Art. 86 and 106 MStG are also applicable to civilians (Art. 3 para. 1 no. 7 MStG). The same applies to offences against the Federal Law on the Protection of Military Installations (Art. 9 Federal Law on the Protection of Military Installations).
17 For acts committed by members of the armed forces in military service that do not yet reach the threshold of Art. 86 and 106 SCC, the provisions of the SCC take precedence over Art. 329 SCC (Art. 9 para. 1 SCC). One might think of Art. 61 MStG (insubordination) or Art. 72 MStG (failure to comply with service regulations) in conjunction with the prohibition of publication of pictures, film and video sequences or the rules on access, recording and entrainment permits for military installations (no. 309 ff. Organization of Training Services, ODA).
18 Whether Art. 329 para. 1 SCC also protects the right of domicile within the meaning of Art. 186 SCC is disputed. According to the view expressed here, this is true because both the holder of the domestic right and the holder of a formal secret have a comparable interest in disposing of access to private or non-public or semi-public space. Consequently, there is alternativeity between the two offenses. The misdemeanor offense of Art. 186 SCC takes precedence over the misdemeanor offense of Art. 329 SCC if a corresponding criminal complaint is filed.
19 Due to the numerous, competing penal norms that in principle take precedence over Art. 329 SCC, the practical scope of application of this provision is small, which is why its deletion was considered. However, its existence is justified in particular by the criminal law protection of formal secrets.
Bibliography
Botschaft des Bundesrates an die Bundesversammlung zu einem Gesetzesentwurf enthaltend das schweizerische Strafgesetzbuch vom 23.7.1918, BBl 1918 IV 1 ff., abrufbar unter https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/fga/1918/4_1_1_1/de, zuletzt besucht am 28.11.2022.
Corboz Bernard, Les infractions en droit suisse, Volume II, 3. Aufl., Bern 2010.
Délèze Julien, in: Macaluso Alain/Moreillon Laurent/Queloz Nicolas (Hrsg.), Commentaire romand Code pénal II, Basel 2017.
Donatsch Andreas/Thommen Marc/Wohlers Wolfgang, Strafrecht IV, Delikte gegen die Allgemeinheit, 5. Aufl., Zürich 2017.
Dupuis Michel, et al. (Hrsg.), Petit commentaire Code pénal, 2. Aufl., Basel 2017.
Erläuternder Bericht zum Bundesgesetz über die Harmonisierung der Strafrahmen im Strafgesetzbuch, im Militärstrafgesetz und im Nebenstrafrecht, aufrufbar unter https://www.bj.admin.ch/dam/bj/de/data/sicherheit/gesetzgebung/strafrahmenharmonisierung/vn-ber-d.pdf.download.pdf/vn-ber-d.pdf zuletzt besucht am 28.11.2022.
Hauri Kurt, Kommentar Militärstrafgesetz, Bern 1983.
Omlin Esther, in: Niggli Marcel Alexander/Wiprächtiger Hans (Hrsg.), Basler Kommentar, Strafrecht II, 4. Aufl., Basel 2018.
Stratenwerth Günter/Bommer Felix, Schweizerisches Strafrecht, Besonderer Teil II: Straftaten gegen Gemeininteressen, 7. Aufl., Bern 2013.
Thormann Philipp/von Overbeck Alfred, Das Schweizerische Strafgesetzbuch, Zweiter Band, Besonderer Teil, Zürich 1941.
Trechsel Stefan/Ogg Marcel, in: Trechsel Stefan/Pieth Mark (Hrsg.), Praxiskommentar Schweizerisches Strafgesetzbuch, 4. Aufl., Zürich/St. Gallen 2021.