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- Art. 5a FC
- Art. 6 FC
- Art. 10 FC
- Art. 16 FC
- Art. 17 FC
- Art. 20 FC
- Art. 22 FC
- Art. 29a FC
- Art. 30 FC
- Art. 32 FC
- Art. 42 FC
- Art. 43 FC
- Art. 43a FC
- Art. 55 FC
- Art. 56 FC
- Art. 60 FC
- Art. 68 FC
- Art. 75b FC
- Art. 77 FC
- Art. 96 para. 2 lit. a FC
- Art. 110 FC
- Art. 117a FC
- Art. 118 FC
- Art. 123b FC
- Art. 136 FC
- Art. 166 FC
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- Art. 11 CO
- Art. 12 CO
- Art. 50 CO
- Art. 51 CO
- Art. 84 CO
- Art. 143 CO
- Art. 144 CO
- Art. 145 CO
- Art. 146 CO
- Art. 147 CO
- Art. 148 CO
- Art. 149 CO
- Art. 150 CO
- Art. 701 CO
- Art. 715 CO
- Art. 715a CO
- Art. 734f CO
- Art. 785 CO
- Art. 786 CO
- Art. 787 CO
- Art. 788 CO
- Transitional provisions to the revision of the Stock Corporation Act of June 19, 2020
- Art. 808c CO
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- Art. 2 PRA
- Art. 3 PRA
- Art. 4 PRA
- Art. 6 PRA
- Art. 10 PRA
- Art. 10a PRA
- Art. 11 PRA
- Art. 12 PRA
- Art. 13 PRA
- Art. 14 PRA
- Art. 15 PRA
- Art. 16 PRA
- Art. 17 PRA
- Art. 19 PRA
- Art. 20 PRA
- Art. 21 PRA
- Art. 22 PRA
- Art. 23 PRA
- Art. 24 PRA
- Art. 25 PRA
- Art. 26 PRA
- Art. 27 PRA
- Art. 29 PRA
- Art. 30 PRA
- Art. 31 PRA
- Art. 32 PRA
- Art. 32a PRA
- Art. 33 PRA
- Art. 34 PRA
- Art. 35 PRA
- Art. 36 PRA
- Art. 37 PRA
- Art. 38 PRA
- Art. 39 PRA
- Art. 40 PRA
- Art. 41 PRA
- Art. 42 PRA
- Art. 43 PRA
- Art. 44 PRA
- Art. 45 PRA
- Art. 46 PRA
- Art. 47 PRA
- Art. 48 PRA
- Art. 49 PRA
- Art. 50 PRA
- Art. 51 PRA
- Art. 52 PRA
- Art. 53 PRA
- Art. 54 PRA
- Art. 55 PRA
- Art. 56 PRA
- Art. 57 PRA
- Art. 58 PRA
- Art. 59a PRA
- Art. 59b PRA
- Art. 59c PRA
- Art. 62 PRA
- Art. 63 PRA
- Art. 67 PRA
- Art. 67a PRA
- Art. 67b PRA
- Art. 75 PRA
- Art. 75a PRA
- Art. 76 PRA
- Art. 76a PRA
- Art. 90 PRA
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- Vorb. zu Art. 1 FADP
- Art. 1 FADP
- Art. 2 FADP
- Art. 3 FADP
- Art. 5 lit. f und g FADP
- Art. 6 Abs. 6 and 7 FADP
- Art. 7 FADP
- Art. 10 FADP
- Art. 11 FADP
- Art. 12 FADP
- Art. 14 FADP
- Art. 15 FADP
- Art. 19 FADP
- Art. 20 FADP
- Art. 22 FADP
- Art. 23 FADP
- Art. 25 FADP
- Art. 26 FADP
- Art. 27 FADP
- Art. 31 para. 2 lit. e FADP
- Art. 33 FADP
- Art. 34 FADP
- Art. 35 FADP
- Art. 38 FADP
- Art. 39 FADP
- Art. 40 FADP
- Art. 41 FADP
- Art. 42 FADP
- Art. 43 FADP
- Art. 44 FADP
- Art. 44a FADP
- Art. 45 FADP
- Art. 46 FADP
- Art. 47 FADP
- Art. 47a FADP
- Art. 48 FADP
- Art. 49 FADP
- Art. 50 FADP
- Art. 51 FADP
- Art. 54 FADP
- Art. 57 FADP
- Art. 58 FADP
- Art. 60 FADP
- Art. 61 FADP
- Art. 62 FADP
- Art. 63 FADP
- Art. 64 FADP
- Art. 65 FADP
- Art. 66 FADP
- Art. 67 FADP
- Art. 69 FADP
- Art. 72 FADP
- Art. 72a FADP
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- Art. 2 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 3 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 4 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 5 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 6 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 7 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 8 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 9 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 11 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 12 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 25 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 29 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 32 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 33 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
- Art. 34 CCC (Convention on Cybercrime)
FEDERAL CONSTITUTION
CODE OF OBLIGATIONS
FEDERAL LAW ON PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW
LUGANO CONVENTION
CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
CIVIL PROCEDURE CODE
FEDERAL ACT ON POLITICAL RIGHTS
CIVIL CODE
FEDERAL ACT ON CARTELS AND OTHER RESTRAINTS OF COMPETITION
FEDERAL ACT ON INTERNATIONAL MUTUAL ASSISTANCE IN CRIMINAL MATTERS
DEBT ENFORCEMENT AND BANKRUPTCY ACT
FEDERAL ACT ON DATA PROTECTION
SWISS CRIMINAL CODE
CYBERCRIME CONVENTION
- I. History of origin
- II. Significance of the provision
- III. Commentary on the text of the standard
- Bibliography
- Materials
I. History of origin
1 Art. 39 PRA goes back to Art. 15 NWG 1919, which obliged the cantonal governments to determine the number of candidate votes, the number of additional votes, the total number of party votes calculated from these votes and the total number of votes allocated to a list group. This corresponds to Art. 39 lit. c, d, e and f PRA. Neither the National Council nor the Council of States discussed this when the NWG was enacted in 1919.
2 When the PRA was enacted in 1976, the already common practice of listing the blank votes was enshrined in law. The provision is now contained in Art. 39 lit. g PRA. Art. 39 lit. a and lit. b PRA were inserted at the request of the National Council Committee and adopted in the National Council without debate (initially as Art. 37). The Council of States joined the National Council without discussion.
3 Art. 39 PRA has remained unchanged since then.
II. Significance of the provision
A. General
4 Art. 39 PRA is initially of a technical nature, in that the provision lays down what the cantons must establish after the close of the election. It concerns how the election results are to be processed in the cantonal official gazette. The information is included in the Federal Council's report to the National Council on the National Council elections. The compilation of the results serves the purpose of transparency for both voters and candidates and thus indirectly protects the freedom to vote (Art. 34 para. 2 PRA). The compilation of the results may give rise to a complaint about irregularities in the conduct of the National Council elections (election complaint) pursuant to Art. 77 para. 1 lit. c PRA or provide the factual basis for the substantiation and judicial assessment of the complaint.
5 In addition, Art. 39 PRA contains substantive statements that are not otherwise found in the PRA with comparable clarity. The definition in lit. e is of particular importance. According to this, the party votes are made up of the sum of the candidate votes and additional votes of the individual lists. The party votes are the decisive factor for the distribution of National Council seats among the lists (Art. 40, Art. 41 PRA). The definition of candidate votes as the number of votes received by the individual candidates on each list (lit. c) could otherwise only be inferred from a summary of other provisions (cf. Art. 36, Art. 37 para. 1 sentence 1, Art. 38 para. 2 and para. 3 PRA). The other information is limited to the illustration of facts required by law elsewhere, for example the additional votes allocated in accordance with Art. 37 PRA (lit. d).
B. Comparison of laws
6 The cantons have issued requirements for the compilation of election results that are comparable to those of the Confederation. In cantons with isolated proportional representation in the individual constituencies, the information is largely identical, including the candidate votes, the additional votes, the party votes and the total number of votes for associated lists. In cantons with double proportional representation, the information on combined lists is omitted due to the lack of admissibility of combined lists.
III. Commentary on the text of the standard
7 Pursuant to Art. 39 PRA, the cantons shall establish certain information after the end of the election on the basis of the minutes of the electoral offices. According to the title of the article, this concerns the compilation of the results. Art. 9 VPR contains a specification of the implementation of the requirement, i.e. the manner in which the cantons are to make the findings on the basis of the results of the electoral offices. The municipal electoral offices shall forward the election protocols with the other auxiliary forms and the ballot papers to the cantonal electoral office immediately after compilation (Art. 9 para. 1 VPR).
8 Art. 39 lit. a PRA stipulates the determination of the number of persons entitled to vote and the number of voters. The number of voters is determined from the electoral register (cf. Art. 4 PRA). The number of voters includes all persons who submit a ballot paper, regardless of whether it is ultimately valid, invalid or blank.
9 Art. 39 lit. b PRA requires the electoral office to make an initial differentiation between the ballot papers for the presentation of the result. The completely blank ballot papers are to be separated out first. Invalid ballot papers pursuant to Art. 38 para. 1 PRA are to be separated from the non-blank ballot papers. The remainder of the ballot papers form the total of valid ballot papers. This applies regardless of whether the respective ballot paper has been completed in full (cf. Art. 37 PRA) or whether the electoral office has made deletions (cf. Art. 37 para. 3, Art. 38 para. 2 and para. 3 PRA).
10 Art. 39 lit. c PRA obliges the electoral office to compile the candidate votes as they result from the evaluation of the individual lists. The candidate votes determine who is elected. The candidates from each list who received the most votes are elected in accordance with the number of mandates achieved (Art. 43 para. 1 PRA). In practice, the largest proportion of these votes results from the lists with pre-printed forms that have not been changed. However, the options available to voters under Art. 35 PRA are also relevant to a considerable extent. For example, candidate votes are significantly influenced by deleting, crossing out and cumulating.
11 Art. 39 lit. d PRA refers to the additional votes regulated in Art. 37 PRA. The list is also of interest because it provides information on how many votes have accrued to the parties regardless of empty lines on the ballot papers as a result of legal fictions.
12 Art. 39 lit. e PRA obliges the cantons to show by far the most important political result of the National Council elections in terms of party votes. The allocation of seats to the party lists is based on this (Art. 40 f. PRA).
13 Of comparable importance is the total number of votes attributable to the list group calculated in accordance with Art. 39 lit. f PRA for the combined lists. In the case of list combinations, this is the deciding factor for the distribution of seats. Each group of linked lists is initially treated as a single list for the distribution of mandates (Art. 42 para. 1 PRA).
14 Finally, Art. 39 lit. g PRA requires the number of blank votes to be listed. This information refers to the blank votes pursuant to Art. 37 para. 1 sentence 1 PRA. These are blank lines that do not count, i.e. if the name and serial number of a list are missing from the ballot paper or the ballot paper contains more than one of the submitted list names or serial numbers. The proportion of blank votes gives an impression of the voting behavior and the effect of the legal fictions in Art. 37 PRA.
Bibliography
Lehner Irina, Kommentierung zu Art. 40 BPR, in: Glaser Andreas/Braun Binder Nadja/Bisaz Corsin/Tornay Schaller Bénédicte (Hrsg.), Onlinekommentar zum Bundesgesetz über die politischen Rechte, abrufbar unter https://onlinekommentar.ch/de/kommentare/bpr40, besucht am 20.10.2023.
Töndury Andrea/Altmann Rahel, Kommentierung zu Art. 4 BPR, in: Glaser Andreas/Braun Binder Nadja/Bisaz Corsin/Tornay Schaller Bénédicte (Hrsg.), Onlinekommentar zum Bundesgesetz über die politischen Rechte, abrufbar unter https://onlinekommentar.ch/de/kommentare/bpr4, besucht am 20.10.2023.
Materials
Botschaft des Bundesrates an die Bundesversammlung zu einem Bundesgesetz über die politischen Rechte vom 9.4.1975, BBl 1975 I 1317 ff., abrufbar unter https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/fga/1975/1_1317_1337_1313/de, besucht am 20.10.2023 (zit. Botschaft 1975).
Bundesrat, Bericht an den Nationalrat über die Nationalratswahlen für die 52. Legislaturperiode vom 15.11.2023, BBl 2023 2613, abrufbar unter https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/fga/2023/2613/de, besucht am 4.12.2023 (zit. Bericht 2023).