Kommentar zu Art. 149 OR
Ein Kommentar von Jean-Pascal Stoll
Herausgegeben von Christoph Hurni und Mirjam Eggen
Zitiervorschlag
Jean-Pascal Stoll, Kommentar zu Art. 149 OR, in: Christoph Hurni / Mirjam Eggen (Hrsg.), Onlinekommentar zum Obligationenrecht, https://onlinekommentar.ch/or149/, 1. Aufl., N. XXX zu Art. 149 OR (besucht am XXX).
Kurzzitat: OK-Stoll, N. XXX zu Art. 149 OR.
Art. 149 CO
1 A joint and several debtor with right of recourse against his fellow debtors is subrogated to the rights of the creditor to the extent the latter has been satisfied.
2 The creditor is liable if he favours the legal position of one joint and several debtor to the detriment of the others.
Art. 149 OR
1 Auf den rückgriffsberechtigten Solidarschuldner gehen in demselben Masse, als er den Gläubiger befriedigt hat, dessen Rechte über.
2 Der Gläubiger ist dafür verantwortlich, dass er die rechtliche Lage des einen Solidarschuldners nicht zum Schaden der übrigen besser stelle.
Art. 149 CO
1 Le débiteur solidaire qui jouit d’un recours est subrogé aux droits du créancier jusqu’à concurrence de ce qu’il lui a payé.
2 Si le créancier améliore la condition de l’un des débiteurs solidaires au détriment des autres, il supporte personnellement les conséquences de son fait.
Art. 149 CO
1 Il debitore solidale cui spetta il regresso subentra in tutte le ragioni del creditore fino a concorrenza di quanto gli ha pagato.
2 Il creditore è responsabile ove abbia avvantaggiato la posizione giuridica di un debitore solidale a danno degli altri.
I. The subrogation
A. Automatic transfer of the creditor’s rights
1 As per Art. 149 para. 1 CO, the creditor’s rights automatically pass from the creditor to the debtor by operation of law to the extent that the debtor has satisfied the creditor. This is an assignment by law according to Art. 166 CO.[1] Subrogation presupposes that the debtor has an independent right of recourse according to Art. 148 para. 2 CO.[2] Subsequently, the debtor entitled to recourse disposes of two parallel remedies that compete with each other: the right of recourse according to Art. 148 para. 2 CO and the subrogated creditor’s rights pursuant to Art. 149 CO.[3] The subrogated claim serves to facilitate and secure the recourse.[4] The claim of the joint and several debtor against his co-debtor resulting from subrogation only exists to the extent of the right of recourse according to Art. 148 CO, i.e. the amount exceeding their internal liability quota.[5]
2 If applicable, it is necessary to convert the subrogated claim into a monetary claim if the debtor has provided a performance in kind or service to the creditor.[6]
3 The subrogation according to Art. 149 CO only applies in the case of perfect joint and several liability, not in the case of imperfect joint and several liability.[7]
B. Effect of the subrogation
4 The difference compared to the independent right of recourse under Art. 148 para. 2 CO is that – on the one hand – all ancillary rights transfer to the debtor with the subrogation in addition to the main claim (cf. Art. 170 CO). The joint and several debtor can now benefit from any securities such as liens or guarantees, as they also pass on to them.[8]
5 On the other hand, the claim is transferred together with all objections against the creditor. In other words, the other joint and several debtors may then raise all objections in the internal relationship that would have also been open to them against the creditor, namely individual acquittals on the part of the creditor (Art. 507 para. 3 CO analogously).[9] The current prescription period is also continued without interruption. This may result in the subrogation claim becoming time-barred before the recourse claim or – if the debtor pays an already time-barred debt to the creditor – that the subrogated claim continues to be time-barred and therefore remains unenforceable.[10]
6 The other co-debtors are not jointly and severally liable to the entitled debtor. They are only liable for their individual quota in their internal relationship.[11]
II. Creditor’s liability
7 Although the creditor is principally free to choose how much they claim from which joint debtor,[12] the creditor is nevertheless under a duty not to improve the legal position of one joint and several debtor to the detriment of the others (Art. 149 para. 2 CO). If this duty is not fulfilled, they are responsible for the damage caused accordingly.[13]
8 Cases of application arise when the creditor releases securities such as a lien and the joint and several debtor to whom the subrogation claim is transferred falls short because they were not sufficiently satisfied in the internal relationship (in the absence of a realisable lien).[14] The same applies if the creditor does not hand over the promissory letter or other evidence pertaining to the debt (cf. Art. 170 para. 2 CO).[15]
9 A unilateral acquittal by the creditor in favour of a joint and several debtor is not a case of application of this favourable treatment within the meaning of Art. 149 para. 2 CO. The joint and several debtor taking recourse is still entitled to the undiminished recourse according to Art. 148 para. 2 CO against their co-debtors, as the acquittal generally has no effect in the internal relationship.[16]
10 The legal consequence of this breach of duty is a claim for damages under Art. 149 para. 2 CO by the debtor against the creditor. This can be asserted against the creditor either by way of an objection or by means of a lawsuit.[17]
[1] BK-Kratz, mn. 7 to Art. 149 CO; Bugnon, p. 89; CHK-Mazan, mn. 2 to Art. 149 CO; Perritaz, mn. 188; Schwenzer/Fountoulakis, mn. 88.40; ZK-Krauskopf, mn. 167 to Art. 148/149 CO.
[2] BK-Kratz, mn. 36 to Art. 149 CO; BSK-Graber, mn. 4 to Art. 149 CO; CR-Romy, mn. 2 to Art. 149 CO; ZK-Krauskopf, mn. 194 to Art. 148/149 CO.
[3] BK-Kratz, mn. 36 to Art. 149 CO; Gautschi, mn. 151; Huguenin, mn. 2313; Tercier/Pichonnaz, mn. 1773; ZK-Krauskopf, mn. 188 to Art. 148/149 CO.
[4] BGE 89 II 415 consid. 2; BGE 53 II 25 consid. 1.; Huguenin, mn. 2313; Perritaz, mn. 189; ZK-Krauskopf, mn. 168 to Art. 148/149 CO.
[5] BGE 103 II 137 consid. 4d; BSK-Graber, mn. 4 to Art. 149 CO; CR-Romy, mn. 2 to Art. 149 CO; von Tuhr/Escher, p. 316; ZK-Krauskopf, mn. 176 to Art. 148/149 CO.
[6] BK-Kratz, mn. 24 to Art. 149 CO; BSK-Graber, mn. 1 to Art. 149 CO.
[7] BGE 133 III 6 consid. 5.3.3; BGE 130 III 362 consid. 5.2; BGE 115 II 42 consid. 2a; BK-Kratz, mn. 40 to Art. 149 CO; BSK-Graber, mn. 3 to Art. 149 CO; Bugnon, p. 89 et seq.; CHK-Mazan, mn. 1 to Art. 149 CO; CR-Romy, mn. 1 to Art. 149 CO; Gauch/Schluep/Emmenegger, mn. 3754; von Tuhr/Escher, p. 320. Different opinion Gautschi, mn. 179 et seq.; ZK-Krauskopf, mn. 191 to Art. 148/149 CO.
[8] BK-Kratz, mn. 25 to Art. 149 CO; BSK-Graber, mn. 2 to Art. 149 CO; Bugnon, p. 92; CHK-Mazan, mn. 3 to Art. 149 CO; CR-Romy, mn. 2 to Art. 149 CO; Huguenin, mn. 2313; Schwenzer/Fountoulakis, mn. 88.40; Tercier/Pichonnaz, mn. 1773; von Tuhr/Escher, p. 317; ZK-Krauskopf, mn. 179 to Art. 148/149 CO.
[9] BK-Kratz, mn. 26 to Art. 149 CO; BSK-Graber, mn. 4 to Art. 149 CO; Bugnon, p. 91 et seq.; Gauch/Schluep/Emmenegger, mn. 3747; KUKO-Jung, mn. 1 to Art. 149 CO; von Tuhr/Escher, p. 317.
[10] BSK-Graber, mn. 6 to Art. 149 CO; Huguenin, mn. 2313; KUKO-Jung, mn. 1 to Art. 149 CO; Schwenzer/Fountoulakis, mn. 88.40; ZK-Krauskopf, mn. 181 et seq. to Art. 148/149 CO. Different opinion BK-Kratz, mn. 27 to Art. 149 CO.
[11] BSK-Graber, mn. 4 to Art. 149 CO; von Tuhr/Escher, p. 318; ZK-Krauskopf, mn. 173 to Art. 148/149 CO. Different opinion Perritaz, mn. 200.
[12] Cf. commentary on Art. 144 CO.
[13] BSK-Graber, mn. 7 to Art. 149 CO; CR-Romy, mn. 3 to Art. 149 CO; ZK-Krauskopf, mn. 197 to Art. 148/149 CO.
[14] BK-Kratz, mn. 48 to Art. 149 CO; CHK-Mazan, mn. 6 to Art. 149 CO; CR-Romy, mn. 4 to Art. 149 CO; Huguenin, mn. 2313; KUKO-Jung, mn. 2 to Art. 149 CO; Perritaz, mn. 191; ZK-Krauskopf, mn. 199 to Art. 148/149 CO.
[15] BSK-Graber, mn. 7 to Art. 149 CO; Bugnon, p. 92 et seq.; CR-Romy, mn. 4 to Art. 149 CO.
[16] Decision of the Federal Supreme Court 4A_65/2008 of 3 August 2009 consid. 8.4; BK-Kratz, mn. 50 to Art. 149 CO; Bucher, p. 498; CHK-Mazan, mn. 5 to Art. 149 CO; CR-Romy, mn. 5 to Art. 149 CO; KUKO-Jung, mn. 2 to Art. 149 CO; ZK-Krauskopf, mn. 200 to Art. 148/149 CO. Cf. commentary on Art. 147 CO.
[17] BK-Kratz, mn. 59 to Art. 149 CO; BSK-Graber, mn. 8 to Art. 149 CO; CR-Romy, mn. 6 to Art. 149 CO.
Literaturverzeichnis
Bucher Eugen, Schweizerisches Obligationenrecht Allgemeiner Teil ohne Deliktsrecht, 2nd ed., Zurich 1988
Bugnon Hubert, L’action récursoire en matière de concours de responsabilités civiles, diss., Entlebuch 1982
Gauch Peter / Schluep Walter R. / Emmenegger Susan, Schweizerisches Obligationenrecht Allgemeiner Teil, Band II, 11th ed., Zurich / Basel / Geneva 2020
Gautschi Alain, Solidarschuld und Ausgleich, diss., Zurich / St. Gallen 2009
Graber Christoph K., in: Widmer Lüchinger Corinne / Oser David (eds.), Basler Kommentar, Obligationenrecht I, 7th ed., Basel 2020
Jung Peter, in: Honsell Heinrich (ed.), Kurzkommentar OR, Basel 2014
Huguenin Claire, Obligationenrecht Allgemeiner und Besonderer Teil, 3rd ed., Zurich / Basel / Geneva 2019
Krauskopf Frédéric, Zürcher Kommentar, Die Solidarität, Art. 143–150 OR, 3rd ed., Zurich / Basel / Geneva 2016
Kratz Brigitta, Berner Kommentar, Solidarität, Art. 143–150 OR, Bern 2015
Mazan Stephan, in: Furrer Andreas / Schnyder Anton K. (eds.), Handkommentar zum Schweizer Privatrecht, Obligationenrecht Allgemeine Bestimmungen, 3rd ed., Zurich / Basel / Geneva 2016
Perritaz Vincent, Le concours d’actions et la solidarité, diss., Zurich / Basel / Geneva 2017
Romy Isabelle, in: Thévenoz Luc / Werro Franz (eds.), Commentaire romand, Code des obligations I, 3rd ed., Basel 2021
Schwenzer Ingeborg / Fountoulakis Christiana, Schweizerisches Obligationenrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 8th ed., Bern 2020
Tercier Pierre / Pichonnaz Pascal, Le droit des obligations, 6th ed., Geneva / Zurich / Basel 2019
von Tuhr Andreas / Escher Arnold, Allgemeiner Teil des Schweizerischen Obligationenrechts, Band II, 3rd ed., Zurich 1974
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